Chemistry as a University Degree - Development and impact

Chemistry became a major driving force of European science and industry in the 19th century. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier's "new chemistry" marked the transition from the phlogiston era to near to our current understanding of chemical science. Justus von Liebig's new teaching methods by combining lecture sessions with practical exercises contributed much to the interdisciplinary transfer of chemical knowledge. Wilhelm Ostwald, born and educated in the Baltics and early Nobel Laureate, proceeded in this way and became the founder of physical chemistry. Today, we don't see sharp borderlines between scientific disciplines.The development of chemistry teaching at European universities with a focus on the 18th/19th century is summarised in Chapter 2. It was shaped by protagonists, striking events, the establishment of chairs, the exchange of knowledge by visiting professors and students, the dissemination of textbooks, and assisted by governmental and industrial funding. The examples of Germany and Spain are given more detailed discussion, Germany because of the trans-national effects of Liebig at Giessen and Spain as at times atypical.Achievements made by the Universities in Mid and Eastern Europe were often overshadowed by the political developments during the last 150 years. An outstanding example of this is the University of Dorpat (now University Tartu/Estonia). Its developments in the field of chemistry is the subject of Chapter 3. It is complemented in Chapter 4 by the example of the naturalist Alexander Petzholdt, who came from Saxony, taught at the University of Dorpat and surveyed the south of the Russian Empire from an agrochemical view point.The development of chemistry into an independent University discipline was based on the needs of the societies. The University of Dorpat was one of the pioneers and mediated the development of science, across Europe, west to east.