Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces Comprehensive textbook on the interdisciplinary field of interface science, fully updated with new content on wetting, spectroscopy, and coatings Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of surface and interface science, focusing on essential concepts rather than specific details, and on intuitive understanding rather than convoluted math. Numerous high-end applications from surface technology, biotechnology, and microelectronics are included to illustrate and help readers easily comprehend basic concepts. The new edition contains an increased number of problems with detailed, worked solutions, making it ideal as a self-study resource. In topic coverage, the highly qualified authors take a balanced approach, discussing advanced interface phenomena in detail while remaining comprehensible. Chapter summaries with the most important equations, facts, and phenomena are included to aid the reader in information retention. A few of the sample topics included in Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces are as follows: Liquid surfaces, covering microscopic picture of a liquid surface, surface tension, the equation of Young and Laplace, and curved liquid surfaces Thermodynamics of interfaces, covering surface excess, internal energy and Helmholtz energy, equilibrium conditions, and interfacial excess energies Charged interfaces and the electric double layer, covering planar surfaces, the Grahame equation, and limitations of the Poisson-Boltzmann theory Surface forces, covering Van der Waals forces between molecules, macroscopic calculations, the Derjaguin approximation, and disjoining pressure Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces is a complete reference on the subject, aimed at advanced students (and their instructors) in physics, material science, chemistry, and engineering. Researchers requiring background knowledge on surface and interface science will also benefit from the accessible yet in-depth coverage of the text.

Für die vierte Auflage wurde das Werk vollständig aktualisiert und überarbeitet. Diese Auflage enthält neue Themen wie Oberflächenspektroskopie, Nichtgleichgewichtseffekte und innovative Beschichtungsmethoden, setzt gleichzeitig jedoch auf das bewährte Konzept, Oberflächenphänomene detailliert und leicht verständlich zu beschreiben.

1. Introduction2. Liquid Surfaces2.1 Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface2.2 Surface Tension2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace2.3.1 Curved Liquid Surfaces2.3.2 Derivation of Young-Laplace Equation2.3.3 Applying the Young-Laplace Equation2.4 Techniques to Measure Surface Tension2.5 Kelvin Equation2.6 Capillary Condensation2.7 Nucleation Theory2.8 Summary2.9 Exercises3. Thermodynamics of Interfaces3.1 Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems3.2 Surface Excess3.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface3.3.1 Internal Energy and Helmholtz Energy3.3.2 Equilibrium Conditions3.3.3 Location of Interface3.3.4 Gibbs Energy and Enthalpy3.3.5 Interfacial Excess Energies3.4 Pure Liquids3.5 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm3.5.1 Derivation3.5.2 System of Two Components3.5.3 Experimental Aspects3.5.4 Marangoni Effect3.6 Summary3.7 Exercises4. Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer4.1 Introduction4.2 Poisson-Boltzmann Theory of Diffuse Double Layer4.2.1 Poisson-Boltzmann Equation4.2.2 Planar Surfaces4.2.3 The Full One-Dimensional Case4.2.4 The Electric Double Layer around a Sphere4.2.5 Grahame Equation4.2.6 Capacitance of Diffuse Electric Double Layer4.3 Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann Theory4.3.1 Limitations of Poisson-Boltzmann Theory4.3.2 Stern Layer4.4 Gibbs Energy of Electric Double Layer4.5 Electrocapillarity4.5.1 Theory4.5.2 Measurement of Electrocapillarity4.6 Examples of Charged Surfaces4.7 Measuring Surface Charge Densities4.7.1 Potentiometric Colloid Titration4.7.2 Capacitances4.8 Electrokinetic Phenomena: the Zeta Potential4.8.1 Navier-Stokes Equation4.8.2 Electro-Osmosis and Streaming Potential4.8.3 Electrophoresis and Sedimentation Potential4.9 Types of Potential4.10 Summary4.11 Exercises5. Surface Forces5.1 Van der Waals Forces between Molecules5.2 Van der Waals Force between Macroscopic Solids5.2.1 Microscopic Approach5.2.2 Macroscopic Calculation - Lifshitz Theory5.2.3 Retarded Van der Waals Forces5.2.4 Surface Energy and the Hamaker Constant5.3 Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces5.3.1 The Derjaguin Approximation5.3.2 Disjoining Pressure5.4 Measurement of Surface Forces5.5 Electrostatic Double-Layer Force5.5.1 Electrostatic Interaction between Two Identical Surfaces5.5.2 DLVO Theory5.6 Beyond DLVO Theory5.6.1 Solvation Force and Confined Liquids5.6.2 Non-DLVO Forces in Aqueous Medium5.7 Steric and Depletion Interaction5.7.1 Properties of Polymers5.7.2 Force between Polymer-Coated Surfaces5.7.3 Depletion Forces5.8 Spherical Particles in Contact5.9 Summary5.10 Exercises6. Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting6.1 Young's Equation6.1.1 Contact Angle6.1.2 Derivation6.1.3 Line Tension6.1.4 Complete Wetting and Wetting Transitions6.1.5 Theoretical Aspects of Contact Angle Phenomena6.2 Important Wetting Geometries6.2.1 Capillary Rise6.2.2 Particles at Interfaces6.2.3 Network of Fibers6.3 Measurement of Contact Angles6.3.1 Experimental Methods6.3.2 Hysteresis in Contact Angle Measurements6.3.3 Surface Roughness and Heterogeneity6.3.4 Superhydrophobic Surfaces6.4 Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting6.4.1 Spontaneous Spreading6.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle6.4.3 Coating and Dewetting6.5 Applications6.5.1 Flotation6.5.2 Detergency6.5.3 Microfluidics6.5.4 Electrowetting6.6 Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another6.7 Summary6.8 Exercises7. Solid Surfaces7.1 Introduction7.2 Description of Crystalline Surfaces7.2.1 Substrate Structure7.2.2 Surface Relaxation and Reconstruction7.2.3 Description of Adsorbate Structures7.3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces7.3.1 Thermal Treatment7.3.2 Plasma or Sputter Cleaning7.3.3 Cleavage7.3.4 Deposition of Thin Films7.4 Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces7.4.1 Surface Energy, Surface Tension, and Surface Stress7.4.2 Determining Surface Energy7.4.3 Surface Steps and Defects7.5 Surface Diffusion7.5.1 Theoretical Description of Surface Diffusion7.5.2 Measurement of Sur