Formulation of Disperse Systems

This book presents comprehensively the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems like emulsions, suspensions, foams and others. Starting with a general introduction, the book covers a broad range of topics like the role of different classes of surfactants, stability of disperse systems, formulation of different dispersions, evaluation of formulations and many more. Many examples are included, too. Written by the experienced author and editor Tharwart Tadros, this book is indispensable for every scientist working in the field.

Formulation science plays an important role in colloid and physical chemistry, but also in analytical chemistry and chemical engineering. For the design of such everyday products as detergents, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, food and others, different formulation techniques are needed.Written by one of the most experienced authors and leading scientists in the field worldwide, this is the first truly comprehensive coverage of this exciting topic. Starting with a general introduction, this one-stop reference presents the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems, such as emulsions, suspensions, and foams, while also including many practical examples.With its unified concept, this book is indispensable for chemists in industry, chemical engineers, the pharmaceutical industry, polymer, surface and physical chemists, as well as food technologists, materials scientists and those working in the paints and coatings industry.

PrefaceGENERAL INTRODUCTIONSuspensionsLatexesEmulsionsSuspoemulsionsMultiple EmulsionsNanosuspensionsNanoemulsionsMicroemulsionsPigment and Ink DispersionsFoamsSURFACTANTS USED IN FORMULATION OF DISPERSIONSGeneral Classification of Surface-Active AgentsPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS AND THE PROCESS OF MICELLISATIONThermodynamics of MicellisationEnthalpy and Entropy of MicellisationDISPERSANTS AND POLYMERIC SURFACTANTSSolution Properties of Polymeric SurfactantsGeneral Classification of Polymeric SurfactantsPolyelectrolytesADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE AIR/LIQUID, LIQUID/LIQUID, AND SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACESIntroductionAdsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid (A/L) and Liquid/Liquid (L/L) InterfacesThe Gibbs Adsorption IsothermEquation of State ApproachThe Langmuir, Szyszkowski, and Frumkin EquationsInterfacial Tension MeasurementsAdsorption of Surfactants at the Solid/Liquid (S/L) InterfaceADSORPTION OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACETheories of Polymer AdsorptionExperimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Surfactant AdsorptionDetermination of Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer ThicknessExamples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric SurfactantsCOLLOID STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERSOrigin of Charge on SurfacesStructure of the Electrical Double LayerStern-Grahame Model of the Double LayerDistinction between Specific and Nonspecific Adsorbed IonsElectrical Double Layer Repulsionvan der Waals AttractionTotal Energy of InteractionFlocculation of SuspensionsCriteria for Stabilisation of Dispersions with Double Layer InteractionSTABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ADSORBED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS OR POLYMERS: STERIC STABILISATIONIntroductionInteraction between Particles Containing Adsorbed Nonionic and Polymeric Surfactant Layers (Steric Stabilisation)Mixing Interaction GmixElastic Interaction GelTotal Energy of InteractionCriteria for Effective Steric StabilisationFlocculation of Sterically Stabilised DispersionsFORMULATION OF SOLID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (SUSPENSIONS)IntroductionPreparation of SuspensionsCondensation Methods: Nucleation and GrowthDispersion MethodsBulk Properties of SuspensionsFORMULATION OF LIQUID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (EMULSIONS)IntroductionIndustrial Applications of EmulsionsPhysical Chemistry of Emulsion SystemsAdsorption of Surfactants at the Liquid/Liquid InterfaceSelection of EmulsifiersCreaming or Sedimentation of EmulsionsFlocculation of EmulsionsGeneral Rules for Reducing (Eliminating) FlocculationOstwald RipeningEmulsion CoalescencePhase InversionFORMULATION OF SUSPOEMULSIONS (MIXTURES OF SUSPENSIONS AND EMULSIONS)IntroductionSuspoemulsions in PaintsSuspoemulsions in AgrochemicalsFORMULATION OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONSIntroductionPreparation of Multiple EmulsionsTypes of Multiple EmulsionsBreakdown Processes of Multiple EmulsionsFactors Affecting Stability of Multiple Emulsions, and Criteria for Their StabilisationGeneral Description of Polymeric SurfactantsInteraction between Oil or Water Droplets Containing an Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant: Steric StabilisationExamples of Multiple Emulsions Using Polymeric SurfactantsCharacterisation of Multiple EmulsionsRheological MeasurementsPREPARATION OF NANOSUSPENSIONSIntroductionNucleation and Growth, and Control of Particle Size DistributionPreparation of Nanosuspensions by Bottom-Up ProcessesPreparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down ProcessFORMULATION OF NANOEMULSIONSIntroductionMechanism of EmulsificationMethods of Emulsification and the Role of SurfactantsPreparation of NanoemulsionsSteric Stabilisation and the Role of the Adsorbed Layer ThicknessFORMULATION OF MICROEMULSIONSIntroductionThermodynamic Definition of MicroemulsionsMixed-Film and Solubilisation Theories of MicroemulsionsThermodynamic Theory of Microemulsion FormationCharacterisati