Molecular Fluorescence

Molecular Fluorescence This second edition of the well-established bestseller is completely updated and revised with approximately 30 % additional material, including two new chapters on applications, which has seen the most significant developments. The comprehensive overview written at an introductory level covers fundamental aspects, principles of instrumentation and practical applications, while providing many valuable tips. For photochemists and photophysicists, physical chemists, molecular physicists, biophysicists, biochemists and biologists, lecturers and students of chemistry, physics, and biology.

This second edition of the well-established bestseller is completely updated and revised with approximately 30 % additional materialincluding two new chapters on applications, which has seen the most signifi cant developments.The comprehensive overview written at an introductory level covers fundamental aspects, principles of instrumentation and practical applications, while providing many valuable tips. For photochemists and photophysicists, physical chemists, molecular physicists, biophysicists, biochemists and biologists, lecturers and students of chemistry, physics, and biology.

INTRODUCTIONWhat Is Luminescence?A Brief History of Fluorescence and PhosphorescencePhotoluminescence of Organic and Inorganic Species: Fluorescence or Phosphorescence?Various De-Excitation Processes of Excited MoleculesFluorescent Probes, Indicators, Labels, and TracersUltimate Temporal and Spatial Resolution: Femtoseconds, Femtoliters, Femtomoles, and Single-Molecule DetectionPART I: PRINCIPLESABSORPTION OF ULTRAVIOLET, VISIBLE, AND NEAR-INFRARED RADIATIONElectronic TransitionsTransition Probabilities: The Beer - Lambert Law, Oscillator StrengthSelection RulesThe Franck - Condon PrincipleMultiphoton Absorption and Harmonic GenerationCHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONRadiative and Nonradiative Transitions between Electronic StatesLifetimes and Quantum YieldsEmission and Excitation SpectraSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONEffects of the Molecular Structure of Organic Molecules on Their FluorescenceFluorescence of Conjugated Polymers (CPs)Luminescence of Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon DotsLuminescence of Metal Compounds, Metal Complexes, and Metal ClustersLuminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods)ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONHomogeneous and Inhomogeneous Band Broadening - Red-Edge EffectsGeneral Considerations on Solvent EffectsSolvent Relaxation Subsequent to Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT)Theory of Solvatochromic ShiftsEffects of Specific InteractionsEmpirical Scales of Solvent PolarityViscosity EffectsFluorescence in Gas Phase: Supersonic JetsEFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR PHOTOPHYSICAL PROCESSES ON FLUORESCENCEEMISSIONIntroductionOverview of the Intermolecular De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules Leading to Fluorescence QuenchingPhotoinduced Electron TransferFormation of Excimers and ExciplexesPhotoinduced Proton TransferFLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION: EMISSION ANISOTROPYPolarized Light and Photoselection of Absorbing MoleculesCharacterization of the Polarization State of Fluorescence (Polarization Ratio and Emission Anisotropy)Instantaneous and Steady-State AnisotropyAdditivity Law of AnisotropyRelation between Emission Anisotropy and Angular Distribution of the Emission Transition MomentsCase of Motionless Molecules with Random OrientationEffect of Rotational MotionApplicationsEXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFERIntroductionDistinction between Radiative and Nonradiative TransferRadiative Energy TransferNonradiative Energy TransferDetermination of Distances at a Supramolecular Level Using FRETFRET in Ensembles of Donors and AcceptorsFRET between Like Molecules: Excitation Energy Migration in Assemblies of ChromophoresOverview of Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of FRETPART II: TECHNIQUESSTEADY-STATE SPECTROFL UOROMETRYOperating Principles of a Spectrofl uorometerCorrection of Excitation SpectraCorrection of Emission SpectraMeasurement of Fluorescence Quantum YieldsPossible Artifacts in Spectrofl uorometryMeasurement of Steady-State Emission Anisotropy: Polarization SpectraTIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUESBasic Equations of Pulse and Phase-Modulation FluorimetriesPulse FluorimetryPhase-Modulation FluorimetryArtifacts in Time-Resolved FluorimetryData AnalysisLifetime StandardsTime-Resolved Polarization MeasurementsTime-Resolved Fluorescence SpectraLifetime-Based Decomposition of SpectraComparison between Single-Photon Timing Fluorimetry and Phase-Modulation FluorimetryFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPYWide-Field (Conventional), Confocal, and Two-Photon Fluorescence MicroscopiesSuper-Resolution (Subdiffraction) TechniquesFluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)ApplicationsFLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY AND SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPYFluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)Single-Molecule Fluorescence SpectroscopyPART III: APPLICATIONSEVA