Fischer-Tropsch Refining

The Fischer-Tropsch process is gaining recognition again due to the world-wide increase in energy needs and decrease in oil availability. The increasing interest in utilizing biomass as a potential renewable feedstock in energy generation is further supporting this development. The book covers the production and refining of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude to fuels and chemicals systematically and comprehensively, presenting a wealth of new knowledge and material. As such, it deals extensively with aspects of engineering, chemistry and catalysis. This handbook and ready reference adopts a fundamental approach, looking at the molecules and their transformation from feed to product. Numerous examples illustrate the possibilities and limitations of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude as feesdstock. Of great interest to everyone interested in refining - not just Fischer-Tropsch specialists. From the Contents: Fischer-Tropsch Facilities and Refineries at a Glance Production of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude Industrial Fischer-Tropsch Facilities Synthetic Transportation Fuels Refining Technology Refinery Design

The Fischer-Tropsch process is gaining recognition again due to the world-wide increase in energy needs and decrease in oil availability. The increasing interest in utilizing biomass as a potential renewable feedstock in energy generation is further supporting this development.The book covers the production and refining of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude to fuels and chemicals systematically and comprehensively, presenting a wealth of new knowledge and material. As such, it deals extensively with aspects of engineering, chemistry and catalysis. This handbook and ready reference adopts a fundamental approach, looking at the molecules and their transformation from feed to product. Numerous examples illustrate the possibilities and limitations of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude as feesdstock.Of great interest to everyone interested in refining - not just Fischer-Tropsch specialists.From the Contents:* Fischer-Tropsch Facilities and Refineries at a Glance* Production of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude* Industrial Fischer-Tropsch Facilities* Synthetic Transportation Fuels* Refining Technology* Refinery Design

PrefacePART I: IntroductionFISCHER-TROPSCH FACILITIES AT A GLANCEIntroductionFeed-to-Syngas ConversionSyngas-to-Syncrude ConversionSyncrude-to-Product ConversionIndirect Liquefaction EconomicsREFINING AND REFINERIES AT A GLANCEIntroductionConventional Crude OilProducts from Crude OilEvolution of Crude Oil RefineriesPART II: Production of Fischer-Tropsch SyncrudeSYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION, CLEANING, AND CONDITIONINGIntroductionRaw MaterialsSyngas from Natural GasSyngas from Solid Carbon SourcesSyngas CleaningSyngas ConditioningAir Separation UnitFISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESISIntroductionFischer-Tropsch MechanismFischer-Tropsch Product SelectivitySelectivity Manipulation in Fischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch Catalyst DeactivitationPART III: Industrial Fischer-Tropsch FacilitiesFISCHER-TROPSCH GAS LOOPSIntroductionGas Loop ConfigurationsSyncrude Cooling and SeparationGERMAN FISCHER-TROPSCH FACILITIESIntroductionSynthesis Gas ProductionFischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch RefiningDiscussion of the Refinery DesignAMERICAN HYDROCOL FACILITYIntroductionSynthesis Gas ProductionFischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch RefiningDiscussion of the Refinery DesignSASOL 1 FACILITYIntroductionSynthesis Gas ProductionFischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch RefiningEvolution of the Sasol 1 FacilityDiscussion of the Refinery DesignSASOL 2 AND 3 FACILITIESIntroductionSynthesis Gas ProductionFischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch RefiningEvolution of Sasol SynfuelsDiscussion of the Refinery DesignMOSSGAS FACILITYIntroductionSynthesis Gas ProductionFischer-Tropsch SynthesisFischer-Tropsch RefiningEvolution of the PetroSA FacilityDiscussion of the Refinery DesignSHELL MIDDLE DISTILLATE SYNTHESIS (SMDS) FACILITIESIntroductionSynthesis Gas Production in Bintulu GTLFischer-Tropsch Synthesis in Bintulu GTLFischer-Tropsch Refining in Bintulu GTLPearl GTL FacilityDiscussion of the Refinery DesignORYX AND ESCRAVOS GAS-TO-LIQUIDS FACILITIESIntroductionSynthesis Gas Production in Oryx GTLFischer-Tropsch Synthesis in Oryx GTLFischer-Tropsch Refining in Oryx GTLDiscussion of the Refinery DesignPART IV: Synthetic Transportation FuelsMOTOR-GASOLINEIntroductionMotor-Gasoline SpecificationsMotor-Gasoline PropertiesAviation GasolineFuture Motor-Gasoline Specification ChangesJET FUELIntroductionJet Fuel SpecificationsJet Fuel PropertiesFuture Jet Fuel Specification ChangesDIESEL FUELIntroductionDiesel Fuel SpecificationsDiesel Fuel PropertiesDiesel Fuel Additives That Affect Refinery DesignFuture Diesel Fuel Specification ChangesPART V: Refining TechnologyREFINING TECHNOLOGY SELECTIONIntroductionHydrotreatingAddition and Removal of OxygenAlkene ConversionAlkane ConversionResidue ConversionDEHYDRATION, ETHERIFICATION, AND HYDRATIONIntroductionDehydrationEtherificationHydrationISOMERIZATIONIntroductionReaction ChemistrySkeletal IsomerizationHydroisomerizationOLIGOMERIZATIONIntroductionReaction ChemistryCatalysisSyncrude Process TechnologyAROMATIC ALKYLATIONIntroductionReaction ChemistryCatalysisSyncrude Process TechnologyCRACKINGIntroductionReaction ChemistryThermal CrackingCatalytic CrackingHydrocrackingREFORMING AND AROMATIZATIONIntroductionThermal Naphtha ReformingConventional Catalytic Naphtha ReformingMonofunctional Nonacidic Pt/L-Zeolite Naphtha ReformingAromatizationCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIESIntroductionProduction of n-1-Aleknes (Linear Alpha-Olefins)AutoxidationPART VI: Refinery DesignPRINCIPLES OF REFINERY DESIGNIntroductionRefinery Design ConceptsConceptual Refinery DesignReal-World Refinery DesignMOTOR-GASOLINE REFININGIntroductionGap Analysis for Syncrude to Motor-GasolineDecisions Affecting Motor-Gasoline RefiningMotor-Gasoline Refining from HTFT SyncrudeMotor-Gasoline Refining from LTFT SyncrudeJET FUEL REFININGIntroductionGap Analysis for Syncrude to Jet FuelDecisions Affecting Jet Fuel