Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry 1

Andrew Hughes is a reader and Head of the Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. He obtained his degrees from the University of Western Australia before taking up post-doctoral appointments at the University of Cambridge starting 1989. After three years working with Professor Andrew Holmes, he joined Professor Steven Ley´s group. While at Cambridge he was appointed the Shell Research Fellow at Robinson College. His interests lie in the general field of asymmetric synthesis and methodology, with a recent focus on amino acid chemistry.

Diese stark praxisbezogene Reihe in 5 Bänden schließt eine Lücke in der verfügbaren Fachliteratur. Alle international wichtigen Aminosäureforscher diskutieren hier Vorkommen, Verwendungsmöglichkeiten und bereits existierende Anwendungen von Aminosäuren und ihren Polymeren, Peptiden und Proteinen.

Closing a gap in the literature, this practical book series in 5 volumes draws on the expertise of the "who s who" in amino acid research to provide a comprehensive discussion of the occurrence, uses and applications of amino acids, their polymeric forms, peptides and proteins.

PART I: Origins of Amino AcidsEXTRATERRESTRIAL AMINO ACIDSIntroductionISMCometsMeteoritesMicrometeorites and IDPsMarsDelivery of Extraterrestrial Amino Acid to the Earth and its Importance to the Origin of Life"TERRESTRIAL" AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR EVOLUTIONIntroductionWhat are the 20 "Terrestrial" Amino Acids?What do We Know about the Evolution of the Standard Amino Acid Alphabet?Amino Acids that Life Passed Over: A Role for Natural Selection?Why Does Life Genetically Encode L-Amino Acids?Summary, Synthesis, and ConclusionsPART II: Production/Synthesis of Amino AcidsUSE OF ENZYMES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDSIntroductionChemo-Enzymatic Processes to Enantiomerically Pure Amino AcidsAcylase ProcessAmidase ProcessHydantoinase ProcessAmmonia Lyase ProcessesAminotransferase ProcessAADH ProcessBETA-AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESISIntroductionBiosynthesis of Beta-Amino AcidsConclusions and Future ProspectsMETHODS FOR THE CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NONCODED ALPHA-AMINO ACIDS FOUND IN NATURAL PRODUCT PEPTIDESIntroductionNoncoded CAAsNoncoded Amino Acids by Chemical Modification of Coded Amino AcidsNoncoded Amino Acids with Elaborate Side-ChainsSYNTHESIS OF N-ALKYL AMINO ACIDSIntroductionN-Methylation via AlkylationN-Methylation via Schiff?s Base ReductionN-Methylation by Novel MethodsN-Alkylation of Amino AcidsRECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF BETA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Homologation of Alpha-Amino Acids Chiral Pool: Enantioselective Synthesis of Beta-Amino Acids from Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, and DerivativesSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Conjugate Addition of Nitrogen Nucleophiles to EnonesSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids via 1,3-Dipolar CycloadditionSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Nucleophilic AdditionsSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Diverse Addition or Substitution ReactionsSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Stereoselective Hydrogenation of Prochiral 3-Aminoacrylates and DerivativesSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids by Use of Chiral Auxiliaries: Stereoselective AlkylationSynthesis of Beta-Amino Acids via Radical ReactionsMiscellaneous Methods for the Synthesis of Beta-Amino AcidsExperimental ProceduresSYNTHESIS OF CARBOCYCLIC BETA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionSynthesis of Carbocyclic Beta-Amino AcidsSynthesis of Functionalized Carbocyclic Beta-Amino Acid DerivativesEnzymatic Routes to Carbocyclic Beta-Amino AcidsExperimental ProceduresSYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO ALPHA, BETA-DIAMINO ACIDSIntroductionConstruction of the Carbon BackboneIntroduction of the Nitrogen Atoms in the Carbon BackboneExperimental ProceduresSYNTHESIS OF HALOGENATED ALPHA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionHalogenated Amino Acids with a Hydrocarbon Side-ChainHalogenated Amino Acids with an Aromatic Side-ChainHalogenated Amino Acids with Heteroatoms in the Aliphatic Side-ChainSYNTHESIS OF ISOTOPICALLY LABELED ALPHA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionEnzyme-Catalyzed MethodsChiral Pool ApproachChemical Asymmetric MethodsExperimental ProceduresSYNTHESIS OF UNNATURAL/NONPROTEINOGENIC ALPHA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionChemical MethodsEnzymatic MethodsExperimental ProceduresSYNTHESIS OF GAMMA AND DELTA-AMINO ACIDSIntroductionGamma-Amino AcidsDelta-Amino AcidsSYNTHESIS OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ANALOGIntroductionAlpha-Substituted Gamma-Amino AcidsBeta-Substituted Gamma-Amino AcidsTrisubstituted Gamma-Amino AcidsHydroxy-Gamma-Amino AcidsUnsaturated Gamma-Amino AcidsCyclic Gamma-Amino AcidsExperimental Procedures