Handbook of Fuels

Barbara Elvers studied chemistry at the University of Hamburg from 1970 to 1979 where she received her PhD in carbohydrate chemistry. After working in a research project in biochemistry at the university hospital in Hamburg she moved to the United States of America in 1980 where she was employed as a visiting scientist at SRI, Palo Alto, in the life science department. She started working for VCH in 1985, first as a freelance translator of textbooks in chemistry, and from 1987 onwards as an editor of Ullmann's Encyclopedia. One of the main subjects of her editorial work was the acquisition of authors and articles in the field of energy generation and fuels. Dr. Elvers has been living in Hamburg since 1996, working as an editor for Ullmann's and other reference works and for the Wiley-VCH journal Starch/Stärke.

Dieses umfangreiche, übersichtliche Handbuch beantwortet Ihre Fragen zu den wichtigsten Typen von Treibstoffen für Automobile, Luft- und Wasserfahrzeuge. Der Weg des Treibstoffs wird von der Erdölraffination über den Zusatz verschiedener Additive bis zur Anwendung von Abgaskatalysatoren verfolgt. Auch alternative Treibstoffe wie Ethanol und Methanol sowie Brennstoffzellen werden diskutiert. Nicht nur Studenten und Fachleute aus der Industrie, sondern auch Journalisten können sich mit diesem Band einen schnellen Überblick über den Stand der technologischen Entwicklung verschaffen.

Transportation systems and vehicles play an important role in modern life. They would not be possible without fuel. This handbook gives a comprehensive overview of various types of fuels used to power vehicles of all kinds and the processes to produce these fuels.

IntroductionOIL REFININGHistoryGeneral Aspects of Oil RefiningCRUDE OILS AND PRODUCTSCrude Oil ConstituentsClassifcation of Crude OilsOil ProductsOIL REFINING PROCESSESCrude Oil DistillationCatalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking)HydrotreatingCatalytic ReformingHydrocrackingResidue Conversion ProcessesGasoline Upgrading ProcessesOther ProcessesENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN OIL REFININGIntroductionManufacturing EmissionsCost of Environmental ConservationINTEGRATED REFINERY MODELSTrends of Refinery StructuresHydroskimming RefineryConversion ConceptsCORROSION AND MATERIALSTESTING AND ANALYSISCrude oil and Product PropertiesTesting Methods and StandardsSTORAGE AND TRANSPORTAUTOMOTIVE FUELSHISTORYThe Spark Ignition (Otto)Engine and Its FuelThe Diesel Engine and Its FuelENGINE TECHNOLOGYOtto EnginesDiesel EnginesFUEL COMPOSITION AND ENGINE EFFICIENCYQuality Aspects and of GasolineQuality Aspects of Diesel FuelsFUEL COMPONENTSGasoline ComponentsDiesel Fuel ComponentsFUEL ADDITIVESGasoline AdditivesAdditives of Diesel FuelFUEL STANDARDIZATION AND TESTINGSTORAGE AND TRANSPORTATIONALTERNATIVE FUELS (VARIOUS AUTHORS)LPGNatural GasFuels from Fischer-Tropsch SynthesisMethanolEthanolFatty Acid Methyl EstersHydrogenHybrid ConceptsFUEL CELLSOCTANE ENHANCERSIntroductionTECHNICAL INFORMATIONCombustion in Otto EnginesKnock PhenomenaOctane Number MeasurementHISTORYTYPES OF OCTANE ENHANCERSASHLESS OCTANE ENHANCERSBlend Octane NumbersNitrogen-Containing ComponentsOxygen-Containing ComponentsMETAL-CONTAINING ADDITIVESAntiknock AgentsMethylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonylFerroceneAUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CONTROLIntroductionPOLLUTANT FORMATION AND LIMITATIONCarbon MonoxideHydrocarbon SpeciesOxides of nitrogenparticulate EmissionsCarbon DioxideSulfuric CompoundsDEVELOPMENTS IN ENGINE TECHNOLOGYCATALYTIC EXHAUST AFTERTREATMENT,GENERALCONCEPTSPhysical Design of the Catalytic ConverterThe WashcoatCATALYTIC AFTERTREATMENT OF STOICHIOMETRIC EXHAUST GASThree-Way CatalysisOxygen Storage in Three-Way CatalystsPrecious MetalsRecent DevelopmentsCATALYTIC AFTERTREATMENT OF LEAN EXHAUST GASNOx RemovalCatalytic Aftertreatment of Lean Burn Gasoline ExhaustCatalytic Aftertreatment of Diesel ExhaustRemoval of Particulate EmissionsAVIATION TURBINE FUELSHISTORYFUEL TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONSpecification RequirementsFuel PropertiesNonspecification PropertiesPRODUCTIONFuelAdditivesHANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATIONLEGAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSECONOMIC ASPECTSFUTURE TRENDSPetroleum-Derived FuelsAlternative FuelsMARINE FUELSCOMPOSITION AND PROPERTIESPRODUCTIONUSESQUALITY SPECIFICATIONS, TESTING AND ANALYSISSTORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLINGENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION