Intergroup Helping

Esther van Leeuwen received her PhD from Leiden University in 2001. Between 2001 and 2014 she worked as an assistant professor at VU University Amsterdam. Since 2014 she has been an assistant professor at Leiden University in social and organisational psychology. Esther's research focuses on intergroup helping (for example, between countries or organisations), and the loyalty employers extend towards their employees. She is also interested in corporate reputation, empowerment, and separatism conflict. She is an active blogger on various topics. Please visit her website (esthervanleeuwen.nl) for her blogs, and for more information about her research interests, teaching, PhD students, publications, and CV.

The aim of this volume is to provide an overview of research from different psychological domains with regards to intergroup helping, arguing for intergroup helping as a research area in and of itself. Historically, research on intergroup relations has largely overlooked helping between groups-which, combined with the fact that most of the research on altruism and helping has focused on individuals, meant that intergroup helping was primarily looked at as deriving from negative intergroup interactions, such as ingroup bias or discrimination.  However, over the last decade, a small but growing group of researchers started to investigate intergroup helping as a positive social act occurring between and amongst groups.  With contributions from these expert researchers, this volume makes the case that intergroup helping should be studied as a phenomenon in and of itself, not as a mere expression of negative intergroup behaviour.

To advance this argument, the first section covers traditional research approaches in which the willingness to help other groups is construed as a form of discrimination. Then, the second section looks at the reasons why people may be motivated to help other groups. Finally, the last section explores intergroup helping in real world settings, looking at natural disaster responses and the role of morality, among other topics, demonstrating that intergroup relations can be truly positive.  Thus, Intergroup Helping: The Positive Side of Intergroup Behavior informs researchers in positive and group relations psychology about the current state of affairs of research on intergroup cooperation and helping, and sets out an agenda for further exploration. Tapping into a current trend towards positive psychology, it moves away from the traditional view within intergroup relations research of the group as a 'source of trouble', and instead focuses on truly positive intergroup relations, with the ultimate goal of promoting real positive behaviour that breaches the intergroup divide. 

Part I - Intergroup helping as subtle discrimination.- 1 John F. Dovidio, Samuel Gaertner, Silvia Abad-Merino;  Helping behaviour and subtle discrimination.-2 Anna Kende, Nurit Shnabel ; Benevolent sexism and cross-gender helping: a subtle reinforcement of existing gender relations.- 3 Ute Gabriel; Saying "no" to a request as a subtle form of discrimination against lesbians and gay men? A fresh look at old findings.- 4 Jellie Sierksma, Jochem Thijs; Intergroup helping: how do children see it?.- 5 Tehila Kogut, Ilana Ritov; Helping an outgroup member - or the outgroup: the identifiability effect in an intergroup context.- 6 Stefan Stürmer; Birte Siem A group-level theory of helping and altruism within and across group-boundaries.- Part II - Strategic motives for intergroup helping.- 7 Esther van Leeuwen; The SOUTH model: on the pros and cons of strategic outgroup helping.- 8 Juliet R.H. Wakefield, Nick Hopkins; Help that helps: exploring strategic motivations in intergroup helping transactions.- 9 Luis Oceja, Eric L. Stocks; The path from helping one to helping the group - and beyond.- 10 Samer Halabi, Arie Nadler; The IHSR model: giving, seeking and receiving help as tools to maintain or challenge social inequality.- 11 Susanne Täuber ; A conceptualisation of help-avoidance as motivated inaction: implications for theory, research, and society.- Part III - Intergroup helping in the field.- 12 Caoimhe Ryan, Stephen Reicher, S. Alexander Haslam; Are they in or are they out? Questioning category relations in the study of helping.- 13 Trevor Keith James, Hanna Zagefka The importance of national identities and intergroup relations in disaster aid.- 14 Ilanit SimanTov-Nachlieli, Nurit Shnabel;  Promoting helping behaviour across group boundaries through the restoration of conflicting groups' agentic identities.- 15 Loris Vezzali, Luca Andrighetto, John Drury, Gian Antonio Di Bernardo , Alessia Cadamuro; In the aftermath of natural disasters: Fostering helping toward outgroup victims.- 16 Roberto González, Siugmin Lay; Sense of responsibility and empathy: bridging the gap between attributions and helping behaviours.- 17 Julie Van de Vyver, Dominic Abrams; Promoting third-party prosocial behavior: the potential of moral emotions.- 18 Emma F. Thomas, Craig McGarty; When giving isn't enough: Responding to humanitarian emergencies through transformational collective generosity.