A Handbook of Varieties of English

The Handbook ‚Varieties of English‘ is by far the most thorough reference work on phonology and the first-ever comprehensive overview of the morphology and syntax of varieties of English in the world.

Survey Articles

The books feature descriptive survey articles that are authored by widely acclaimed specialists in the field and that

• cover all main national standard varieties, distinctive regional, ethnic, and social varieties, major contact varieties, as well as major ESL varieties;
• share a common core, which makes them invaluable research tools for cross-linguistic comparisons;
• provide information on the historical and cultural backgrounds as well as the current sociolinguistic situations in the respective regions;
• serve as state-of-the-art reports on major issues in current research.

The handbook is an indispensable reference work and research tool for sociolinguists, dialectologists, phonologists, grammarians, typologists, and specialists in contact languages and varieties of English around the world. It is also ideally suited not only for professional academics but also for undergraduate and graduate students.

The editors are responsible for the following topics:

• Kate Burridge/ Bernd Kortmann: Australia / Pacific Archipelagos
• Bernd Kortmann: British Isles: Morphology and Syntax
• Rajend Mesthrie: Africa / South and Southeast Asia
• Edgar W. Schneider: The Americas / Caribbean
• Clive Upton: British Isles: Phonology

The Handbook ‚Varieties of English‘ is by far the most thorough reference work on phonology and the first-ever comprehensive overview of the morphology and syntax of varieties of English in the world.

Survey Articles

The books feature descriptive survey articles that are authored by widely acclaimed specialists in the field and that

• cover all main national standard varieties, distinctive regional, ethnic, and social varieties, major contact varieties, as well as major ESL varieties;
• share a common core, which makes them invaluable research tools for cross-linguistic comparisons;
• provide information on the historical and cultural backgrounds as well as the current sociolinguistic situations in the respective regions;
• serve as state-of-the-art reports on major issues in current research.

The handbook is an indispensable reference work and research tool for sociolinguists, dialectologists, phonologists, grammarians, typologists, and specialists in contact languages and varieties of English around the world. It is also ideally suited not only for professional academics but also for undergraduate and graduate students.

The editors are responsible for the following topics:

• Kate Burridge/ Bernd Kortmann: Australia / Pacific Archipelagos
• Bernd Kortmann: British Isles: Morphology and Syntax
• Rajend Mesthrie: Africa / South and Southeast Asia
• Edgar W. Schneider: The Americas / Caribbean
• Clive Upton: British Isles: Phonology

Volume 1: Phonology
Bernd Kortmann and Edgar Schneider General introduction

Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton (eds.) The British Isles

Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton Introduction: Varieties of English in the British Isles
Gunnel Melchers The phonology of English spoken in Orkney and Shetland
Jane Stuart-Smith The phonology of Scottish English
Raymond Hickey The phonology of Irish English
Robert Penhallurick The phonology of Welsh English
Joan Beal The phonology of English dialects in the North of England
Urszula Clark The phonology of the English West Midlands
Peter Trudgill The phonology of the dialect of East Anglia
Ulrike Altendorf and Dominic Watt The phonology of the dialects in the South of England
Heinrich Ramisch The phonology of Channel Island English
Clive Upton Received Pronunciation
Peter L. Patrick The phonology of British Creole

Edgar Schneider (ed.) The Americas and Caribbean

Edgar Schneider Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean
William Kretzschmar Standard American English pronunciation
Naomi Nagy and Julie Roberts New England phonology
Matthew Gordon New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: Phonology
Erik Thomas Rural Southern white accents
Jan Tillery and Guy Bailey The phonology of the Urban South
Matthew Gordon Phonology of the West and Midwest
Charles Boberg The pronunciation of English in Canada
Sandra Clarke Newfoundland English phonology
Walter Edwards Phonology of African American Vernacular English
Tracey Weldon The sound system of Gullah
Sylvie Dubois and Barbara Horvath The pronunciation of Cajun Vernacular English
Otto Santa Ana and Robert Bayley Chicano English phonology
Becky Childs and Walt Wolfram Bahamian English phonology
Hubert Devonish and Otelemate Harry Jamaican phonology
Michael Aceto Phonology of Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties
Renée Blake Barbados
Valerie Youssef and Winford James The phonological systems of the creoles of Trinidad and Tobago
Norval Smith Phonology of Suriname creoles

Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann (eds.) The Pacific and Australasia

Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann Introduction: Varieties of English in the Pacific and Australasia
Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren The phonology of New Zealand English
Elizabeth Gordon and Margaret Maclagan Regional and social differences in New Zealand phonology
Paul Warren and Laurie Bauer The phonology of Maori English
Barbara Horvath The phonology of Australian English
David Bradley Regional characteristics of Australian English phonology
Ian G. Malcolm The phonetics and phonology of Australian Creoles and Aboriginal English
Terry Crowley The phonetics and phonology of Bislama
Christine Jourdan and Rachel Selbach The phonetics and phonology of Solomon Islands Pijin
Geoff P. Smith The phonology of Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea
Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel The phonology of Hawai‘i Creole
Jan Tent and France Mugler The phonology of Fiji English
John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler The phonetics and phonology of Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English


Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Africa, South and Southeast Asia

Rajend Mesthrie Introduction: Varieties of English in Africa, South and Southeast Asia
Ulrike Guth Nigerian English
Ben Elugbe Nigerian Pidgin English
Magnus Huber Ghanaian English
Magnus Huber Ghanaian Pidgin English
John Singler Liberian English
John Singler Liberian Creole English
Augustin Simo Bobda Cameroon English
Thaddeus Menang Cameroon Pidgin English
Josef Schmied East African English
Theresa Chisanga Zambian English
Sean Bowerman White South African English
Bertus van Rooy Black South African English
Rajend Mesthrie Indian South African English
Peter Finn Cape Flats English, South Africa
Sheila Wilson St. Helena English
Ravinder Gargesh Indian English
Ahmar Mahboob and Nadra Huma Ahmar Pakistani English
Lionel Wee Hock Ann Singaporean English
Kingsley Bolton Hong Kong English
Loga Baskaran Malaysian English
Lourdes G. Tayao Philippines English

Synopses - The editors

Clive Upton Phonological variation in the British Isles
Edgar Schneider Phonological variation in the Americas and Caribbean
Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann Phonological variation in the Pacific and Australasia
Rajend Mesthrie Phonological variation in Africa, South and Southeast Asia
Edgar Schneider Phonological variation in English- global perspectives

Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax
Bernd Kortmann and Edgar Schneider General introduction

Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton (eds.) The British Isles

Bernd Kortmann and Clive Upton Introduction: Varieties of English in the British Isles
Gunnel Melchers The morphology, syntax, and lexicon of English spoken in Orkney and Shetland
Jim Miller The morphology and syntax of Scottish English
Markku Filppula The morphology and syntax of Irish English
Robert Penhallurick The morphology and syntax of Welsh English
Joan Beal The morphology and syntax of English dialects in the North of England
Peter Trudgill The morphology and syntax of the dialect of East Anglia
Susanne Wagner The morphology and syntax of English dialects in the Southwest
Lieselotte Anderwald The morphology and syntax of the varieties of English spoken in the Southeast of England
Mark Sebba The morphology and syntax of British Creole

Edgar Schneider (ed.) The Americas and Caribbean

Edgar Schneider Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean
Thomas E. Murray and Beth Lee Simon Grammatical features of Colloquial American English
Michael Montgomery Grammar of Appalachian English
Walt Wolfram The grammar of rural and ethnic varieties in the Southeast
Sandra Clarke Newfoundland English morphology and syntax
Walt Wolfram Urban AAVE grammar
Alexander Kautzsch The grammar of Earlier African American English
Salikoko Mufwene The grammar of Gullah
Robert Bayley and Otto Santa Ana Chicano English grammar
Jeffrey Reaser and Benjamin Torbert Bahamian morphology and syntax
Peter Patrick Jamaican Creole grammar
Michael Aceto Syntax and morphology of Eastern Caribbean English-derived language varieties
Renée Blake Barbados
Winford James and Valerie Youssef The morpho-syntax of the creoles of Trinidad and Tobago
Donald Winford and Bettina Migge Surinamese creoles morphology and syntax
Hubert Devonish Guyanese creole grammar
Geneviève Escure Belize and other Central American varieties: Morphology and syntax

Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann (eds.) The Pacific and Australasia

Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann Introduction: Varieties of English in the Pacific and Australasia
Marianne Hundt, Elizabeth Gordon and Jennifer Hay The Morphosyntax of New Zealand English
Peter Collins and Pam Peters The morphology and syntax of Australian English
Andrew Pawley Australian Vernacular English: Some grammatical Characteristics
Jane Simpson Hypocoristics in Australian English
Ian G. Malcolm The morphology and syntax of Australian Creoles and Aboriginal English
Terry Crowley The morphology and syntax of Bislama
Christine Jourdan The morphology and syntax of Solomon Islands Pijin
Geoff P. Smith The morphology and syntax of Tok Pisin
Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel The morphology and syntax of Hawai‘i Creole
France Mugler and Jan Tent The morphology and syntax of Fiji English
Peter Mühlhäusler/Ingram The morphology and syntax of Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk

Rajend Mesthrie (ed.) Africa, South and Southeast Asia

Rajend Mesthrie Introduction: Varieties of English in Africa, South and Southeast Asia
M.A. Alo Nigerian English
Nicholas Faraclas Nigerian Pidgin English
Magnus Huber Ghanaian English
Magnus Huber Ghanaian Pidgin English
John Singler Liberian English
John Singler Liberian Creole English
Paul Mbangwana Cameroon English
Miriam Ayafor Cameroon Pidgin English
Josef Schmied East African English
Theresa Chisanga Zambian English
Sean Bowerman White South African English
Rajend Mesthrie Black South African English
Rajend Mesthrie Indian South African English
Kathleen K. McCormick Cape Flats English, South Africa
Sheila Wilson St. Helena English
Rakesh Bhatt Indian English
Ahmar Mahboob Pakistani English
Lionel Wee Hock Ann Singaporean English
Kingsley Bolton Hong Kong English
Loga Baskaran Malaysian English
Lourdes G. Tayao Philippines English

Synopses - The editors

Bernd Kortmann Morphological and syntactic variation in the British Isles
Edgar Schneider Morphological and syntactic variation in the Americas and Caribbean
Kate Burridge and Bernd Kortmann Morphological and syntactic variation in the Pacific and Australasia
Rajend Mesthrie Morphological and syntactic variation in Africa, South and Southeast Asia
Bernd Kortmann Morphological and syntactic variation in English - global perspectives