Speaking of Forms of Life

Claudio Campagna has an M.D. from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and a Ph.D. in biology from the University of California, Santa Cruz. He started his career as a scientist, working on the behavioral ecology of marine mammals. But the core of his career was spent as a conservation biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society. He has published widely in the fields of animal behavior and conservation, including Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of the Otariids and the Odobenid (co-edited with Robert Harcourt; Springer, 2021). In the field of conservation and language, he has published Bailando en Tierra de Nadie: Hacia un Nuevo Discurso del Ambientalismo (Editorial del Nuevo Extremo, 2013).

Daniel Guevara is Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He did graduate work in philosophy at Princeton University and the University of California, Los Angeles, taking his Ph.D. from the latter.  While at UC Santa Cruz he taught widely in ethics and the history of philosophy, including environmental ethics, moral psychology, Kant and Wittgenstein. He has published widely in these fields as well, including Kant's Theory of Moral Motivation (Westview Press, 2000) and Wittgenstein and the Philosophy of Mind (Oxford University Press, 2012), co-edited with Jonathan Ellis.

Humans pose an unprecedented threat to life in all its great diversity of forms. The human-induced extinction rate has been compared to "mass extinctions" of the past. But this language masks the fact that the crisis is due to voluntary, and thus, avoidable choices and actions. "Speaking of Forms of Life" shows that at the root of this crisis is the tragic inadequacy of the language predominantly used to represent and address what we are doing, including the language of "sustainable development," "rights" for animals and the rest of nature, their "intrinsic value," and conservation of species as "populations." This talk alienates us from the other living things, from what they actually are, have and do, and it perpetuates the harm and loss. Campagna and Guevara compellingly argue, on rigorous but accessible grounds, that there is an alternative language to guide conservation, in confronting the radically urgent, ethical issues it faces. This is a language with which we are all familiar, mastered by naturalists, from Aristotle to Audubon. It articulates the primary value in life and the standard that must guide how human beings should live, as one form of life, among countless others. This book is a homecoming for those who practice conservation to, above all else, secure a creature's ability to satisfy the necessities of its form of life. 

"This is an essential book for anyone who cares about conservation and is concerned about the frightening pace of extinctions. The great theme of the book is the importance of the language in which we think and talk about living beings.  Daniel Guevara and Claudio Campagna make available for conservationists the ground-breaking work of Philippa Foot and Michael Thompson on natural goodness and on our thought about living beings. They show how it can be brought to bear on the threats that confront conservation and on disputes that may seem irresolvable. I recommend Speaking of Forms of Life as strongly as I can."

Cora Diamond,

William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor Emerita of Philosophy, Professor of Law, and University Professor, University of Virginia 

"Our current conservation language is shot through with economic platitudes that don't explain anyone's real motives for conserving biodiversity. Campagna and Guevara's new book lays out a convincing alternative, grounding conservation goals in the objective goodness of life's many ways of flourishing. Speaking of Forms of Life is inspiring, informative, well-grounded in the relevant philosophy and conservation literatures but never pedantic. Both activists and thinkers will find much of value in Speaking of Forms of Life."

Philip Cafaro,

Professor of Philosophy, Colorado State University

"Speaking of Forms of Life" helps us confront the fact that language often obscures, rather than facilitates, our understanding of living things. Our language reflects past misperceptions, current ignorance, and our shockingly limited intellectual ability to comprehend where we are in space and time, and who we are with on this strange planet with its soap-bubble coating of life. The language in use has abetted, and accelerated the catastrophic course we daily continue to choose. "Speaking of Forms of Life" shows us why and how this must change. It's a crucial revelation that we must heed, because our species alone can consider changing course-and our species alone must do so.

Carl Safina,

MacArthur Fellow  Carl Safina Research Chair for Nature and Humanity, Stony Brook University

"Our biosphere is a miracle. Communicating the sense of awe and wonder that it instills in many of us is essential to shift from wanton destruction

Chapter 1. Uncovering Grammars.- Chapter 2. About the Authors.- Chapter 3. The Error of Wuhan.- Chapter 4.- Provoking Extinctions.- Chapter 5. Limits of Language.- Chapter 6. Glossaries, Euphemisms, Metaphors, Analogies and Catchy Words.- Chapter 7. Introduction to the Language of Extinction.- Chapter 8.- Represent-Evaluate.- Chapter 9. Standards.- Chapter 10. The Unique Logic of Life.- Chapter 11. The Form-Bearer Unity.- Chapter 12. From Natural Goodness to Moral Goodness.- Chapter 13. The Value in Life.- Chapter 14. The Value of Consciousness.- Chapter 15. Life Forms, Artifacts, and in Between.- Chapter 16. Pluralism.- Chapter 17. Species and Forms of Life.- Chapter 18. Conservation Without Life Forms.- Chapter 19. A Bridge from Natural Goodness to Morality.- Chapter 20. Natural Goodness Encompasses Moral Goodness.- Chapter 21. Agent, Action, and Modalities of Action.- Chapter 22. Rationality and the Good.- Chapter 23. Practicing the Conservation of Life Forms.- Chapter 24. Contrasting Life Form Conservation with Alternatives.- Chapter 25. Leaving Things as They Were.- Chapter 26. Objections and Misunderstandings.