Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions

This edited work presents the most current evidence on osteosarcopenia from bench to bedside, which is expected to facilitate the understanding of this syndrome and to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies.With our aging population, chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia are becoming highly prevalent. Fortunately, our understanding of the bone and muscle interactions has increased in recent years. This has allowed to the coining of the term osteosarcopenia to describe a syndrome in which these two diseases overlap. This overlap between osteoporosis and sarcopenia has major negative effects not only on our older adults but also on health systems worldwide. Readers will find a highly translational approach that starts with a summary of recent discoveries on stem cells biology, muscle and bone interactions - including the role of local bone and muscle fat -  followed by comprehensive reviews on myokines (i.e. myostatin), osteokines (i.e. osteocalcin) and adipokines (i.e. interleukins) as major players and determinants of bone and muscle loss with aging. In addition, the role of sex steroids (i.e. estrogens, androgens), and calciotropic hormones (i.e. parathyroid hormone, vitamin D) in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is also reviewed. Moreover, using practical diagnostic and therapeutic tips, this book summarizes the clinical characteristics of osteosarcopenic patients thus facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in clinical practice. Finally, the book presents the case for the Falls and Fractures Clinic as the optimal model of care for this syndrome, aimed to avoid fragmentation and optimize osteosarcopenia care, and simultaneously prevent falls and fractures in older persons.This book offers relevant information on the mechanisms of osteosarcopenia, and a practical guide on how to identify and treat this geriatric syndrome and its adverse outcomes, which are dramatically affecting our aging population.The work is written by leaders in the field and is especially suited not only to any researcher in the musculoskeletal arena but also to medical specialists and allied health professionals involved in the care of older persons.

This edited work presents the most current evidence on osteosarcopenia from bench to bedside, which is expected to facilitate the understanding of this syndrome and to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies.

With our aging population, chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia are becoming highly prevalent. Fortunately, our understanding of the bone and muscle interactions has increased in recent years. This has allowed to the coining of the term osteosarcopenia to describe a syndrome in which these two diseases overlap. This overlap between osteoporosis and sarcopenia has major negative effects not only on our older adults but also on health systems worldwide.

Readers will find a highly translational approach that starts with a summary of recent discoveries on stem cells biology, muscle and bone interactions – including the role of local bone and muscle fat –  followed by comprehensive reviews on myokines (i.e. myostatin), osteokines (i.e. osteocalcin) and adipokines (i.e. interleukins) as major players and determinants of bone and muscle loss with aging. In addition, the role of sex steroids (i.e. estrogens, androgens), and calciotropic hormones (i.e. parathyroid hormone, vitamin D) in the pathogenesis of this syndrome is also reviewed. Moreover, using practical diagnostic and therapeutic tips, this book summarizes the clinical characteristics of osteosarcopenic patients thus facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in clinical practice. Finally, the book presents the case for the Falls and Fractures Clinic as the optimal model of care for this syndrome, aimed to avoid fragmentation and optimize osteosarcopenia care, and simultaneously prevent falls and fractures in older persons.

This book offers relevant information on the mechanisms of osteosarcopenia, and a practical guide on how to identify and treat this geriatric syndrome and its adverse outcomes, which are dramatically affecting our aging population.

Dedication

Foreword – Cyrus Cooper

Preface – Gustavo Duque

Acknowledgements

PART I Biology of Muscle and Bone

1- Muscle and Bone Biology – Similarities and Differences

Joseph Elphingstone and Mark W. Hamrick

2- Mesenchymal stem cells as regulators of bone, muscle, and fat formation

Jeffrey M. Gimble

3- Age-related changes in muscle and bone

Julie A. Pasco

4- Cross-talk between muscle and bone

Chenglin Mo, Zhiying Wang, Leticia Brotto, Donnalee Pollack, Jian Huang, and Marco Brotto

5- Role of connexins and pannexins in bone and muscle mass and function

Lilian I. Plotkin and Hannah M. Davis

6- Osteosarcopenia as a Lipotoxic Disease

Ahmed Al Saedi, Craig Goodman, Damian Myers, Alan Hayes, and Gustavo Duque

7- The endocrine actions of undercarboxylated osteocalcin in skeletal muscle: effects and mechanisms

Xuzhu Lin, Alan Hayes, Glenn McConell, Gustavo Duque, Tara C. Brennan-Speranza, and Itamar Levinger

8- Sex steroid hormones and osteosarcopenia

Christian M. Girgis

9- Calciotropic hormones and osteosarcopenia

Guillaume T Duval, Hélène Meytadier, Cédric Annweiler, and Gustavo Duque

10- Genetics of Osteosarcopenia

Katerina Trajanoska and Fernando Rivadeneira

PART II Clinical Characteristics

11- Diagnosis of Osteosarcopenia – clinical

Alberto Frisoli Junior

12- Diagnosis of Osteosarcopenia – Imaging

Adam J. Kuchnia and Neil Binkley

13- Diagnosis of osteosarcopenia – Biochemistry and pathology

Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch and Markus Herrmann

14- Osteosarcopenic obesity

David Scott

15- Non-pharmacological interventions for osteosarcopenia

Jacopo Antonino Vitale, Francesco Negrini, and Giuseppe Banfi

16- The Falls and Fractures Clinic – An integrated model of care for

osteosarcopenic patients

Fernando Gomez1 and Carmen-Lucia Curcio 

Index