Synthetic Glycomes

Glycans play essential roles in diverse biological and etiological processes and their structural complexity endow various functions. The glycome is the entire set of glycans produced by an individual organism. As the glycan microarray emerged, a good amount of knowledge has been obtained in understanding the functions of glycans. However, limited accessibility of glycans is a major obstacle to the functional glycomics study. Although isolation from biology samples provided some structures, the low abundance of glycans obtained and the difficulty in complete structural assignment restricted the subsequent assay. To circumvent this limitation, many synthetic strategies, including chemical, enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic ones have been developed to make libraries of structurally defined complex glycans available. The glycans provided by these techniques combined with high-throughput glycoarray techniques have broadened and deepened our understanding about functional glycomics. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of the synthetic glycome and a brief introduction of the application of the synthetic glycome in glycoarray assay. Accordingly, synthetic strategies toward generating glycans with comprehensive structures as well as the glycoarrays to unveil the glycan functions are described in this book.

Introduction: Glycome and the Glyco-toolbox; Methodologies in Chemical Syntheses of Carbohydrates; Synthetically Useful Glycosyltransferases for the Access of Mammalian Glycomes; Chemical Synthesis of N-Glycans; Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of N-glycans; Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a-Dystroglycan O-Mannose Glycans; Chemical Synthesis of Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins; Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Oligosaccharides and Chondroitin Sulfate Glycopeptides; Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate and Heparin; Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids (GSLs); Enzymatic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOS); Synthesis of Marine Polysaccharides/Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives; Glycan Production by Bacterial Fermentation; Solid-phase Glycan Synthesis; Reverse Synthesis of Natural Glycans; Novel Technologies for Quantitative O-glycomics and Amplification/Preparation of Cellular O-glycans; Current Stage of Commercially Available Glycans to Support Realization of Biologic Drugs; Glycan Microarrays with Semi-synthetic Neoglycoconjugate Probes in Understanding Glycobiology; Current Stage of Commercial Glycan Microarrays