Zoonoses

Zoonoses are a persistent threat to the global human health Today, more than 200 diseases occurring in humans and animals are known to be mutually transmitted. Classical infectious diseases, such as rabies, plague, and yellow fever, have not been eradicated despite major efforts.
 
New zoonotic diseases are on the increase due global conditions such as overpopulation, wars, and food scarcity, which facilitate human contact with rodents, stray animals, and their parasites. In addition, humans are unwittingly becoming accidental hosts and new links in an infectious chain by engaging in activities such as survival training, which involves camping in open areas and consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked food. Zoonotic infections cause a variety of symptoms that often do not provide clear evidence of a known disease. Zoonoses, Fourth Edition, describes most occurring worldwide zoonosis and facilitates the identification, diagnosis and treatment of zoonotic infections. Written by a team of doctors, medical microbiologists and veterinarians, this completely, revised edition covers all aspects of the epidemiology and prevention of zoonotic diseases through clear descriptions of various illnesses. Specifically, this fourth edition covers zoonosis caused by
* viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
* infections caused by animal bites
* infections and intoxications by animal foods
* Iatrogenic transmission of zoonotic pathogens
 
Zoonoses is an indispensable reference for clinicians and laboratorians.

Preface xiii
 
Introduction xv
 
Abbreviations xvii
 
1 Viral Zoonoses 1
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.1.1 Classification Principles 1
 
1.1.2 Zoonotic viruses 1
 
1.1.2.1 Bat-borne viruses 3
 
1.1.2.2 Zoonotic viruses as B-weapons 4
 
1.1.2.3 Global distribution of zoonotic agents 4
 
1.1.3 Cycles of Arbovirus Infections 5
 
1.2 Zoonoses Caused by Alphaviruses 8
 
1.2.1 Agents 8
 
1.2.2 Alphaviral Zoonoses 8
 
1.2.3 Eastern Equine Encephalitis 10
 
1.2.4 Western Equine Encephalitis 12
 
1.2.5 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 14
 
1.2.6 Semliki Forest Fever 16
 
1.2.7 Sindbis Fever 17
 
1.2.8 Epidemic Polyarthritis (Ross River Fever) and Barmah Forest Fever 18
 
1.2.9 Chikungunya Fever 21
 
1.2.10 O'Nyong-Nyong Fever 24
 
1.2.11 Mayaro Fever 25
 
1.3 Zoonoses Caused by Flaviviruses 26
 
1.3.1 Agents 26
 
1.3.2 Complexes of the Flaviviridae with Clinical Importance 27
 
1.3.2.1 Virus Complex Transmitted by Ticks 27
 
1.3.2.2 Virus Complex Transmitted by Mosquitoes: Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Related Encephalitis Viruses 27
 
1.3.2.3 Agents Causing Yellow Fever and Dengue, Forming Two Closely Related Virus Complexes 27
 
1.3.3 Zoonoses Caused by Tick-Borne Flaviviruses 32
 
1.3.3.1 Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) European Subtype (Central European Encephalitis) and TBE Eastern Subtype (Russian Spring-Summer Meningoencephalitis) 32
 
1.3.3.2 Louping Ill 37
 
1.3.3.3 Powassan Virus Encephalitis 38
 
1.3.3.4 Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 39
 
1.3.3.5 Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever 40
 
1.3.4 Zoonoses Caused by Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses 41
 
1.3.4.1 Japanese Encephalitis 41
 
1.3.4.2 Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin Virus Disease 44
 
1.3.4.3 St. Louis Encephalitis 46
 
1.3.4.4 Rocio Encephalitis 48
 
1.3.4.5 West Nile Fever 49
 
1.3.4.6 Usutu Virus 52
 
1.3.4.7 Wesselsbron Fever 52
 
1.3.4.8 Yellow Fever 53
 
1.3.4.9 Dengue Fever (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome) 58
 
1.4 Zoonoses Caused by Bunyaviruses 65
 
1.4.1 La Crosse (California Encephalitis) Virus, Snowshoe Hare Virus, and Tahyna Virus 68
 
1.4.2 Oropouche Fever 70
 
1.4.3 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever 71
 
1.4.4 Rift Valley Fever 73
 
1.4.5 Sandfly Fever 76
 
1.4.6 Zoonoses Caused by Hantaviruses 78
 
1.4.6.1 Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (Old World Hantaviruses) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (New World Hantaviruses) 78
 
1.5 Zoonoses Caused by Reoviruses (Coltiviridae and Orbiviridae) 83
 
1.5.1 Genus Coltivirus 83
 
1.5.1.1 Colorado Tick Fever 83
 
1.5.2 Genus Orbivirus (Kemerovo Complex) 85
 
1.5.3 Genus Rotavirus 85
 
1.6 Zoonoses Caused by Arenaviruses 88
 
1.6.1 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis 89
 
1.6.2 Lassa Fever 92
 
1.6.3 Zoonoses Caused by New World Arenaviruses (Agents of Hemorrhagic Fever) 95
 
1.7 Zoonoses Caused by Filoviruses 97
 
1.7.1 Marburg Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 99
 
1.7.2 Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever 104
 
1.8 Zoonoses Caused by Rhabdoviruses 109
 
1.8.1 Rabies 110
 
1.8.2 Vesicular Stomatitis 117
 
1.9 Zoonoses Caused by Paramyxoviruses 119
 
1.9.1 Newcastle Disease 120
 
1.9.2 Zoonoses Caused by Hendra Virus 122
 
1.9.3 Nipah Virus Encephalitis 124
 
1.10 Zoonoses Caused by Orthomyxoviruses 127
 
1.10.1

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