Thyroid Cancer

Thoroughly revised and extensively expanded, this encyclopedic, highly acclaimed title addresses all aspects of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, initial treatment and long-term management of all varieties of thyroid cancer. Expertly edited by Drs. Leonard Wartofsky and Douglas Van Nostrand, this gold standard reference is divided into 11 Parts: General Considerations on Thyroid Cancer; General Considerations on Nuclear Medicine; the Thyroid Nodule; Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer; Variants of Thyroid Cancer, Undifferentiated Tumors: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma; Undifferentiated Tumors: Thyroid Lymphoma; Undifferentiated Tumors: Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer; New Frontiers and Future Directions; and Additional Resources. With exceptional breadth and depth, the book includes chapters dedicated to isotopes, isotope uptake and scanning procedures such as SPECT/CT, radioiodine ablation (with or without recombinant human TSH), stunning, dosimetry (with or without recombinant human TSH), Octreotide and FDG-PET scanning and other alternative imaging modalities. There is a valuable reference atlas of scan images and illustrations, and a scholarly summary of the side effects of radioiodine and how to avoid or minimize adverse effects of treatment. In addition to an updated section on ultrasonography of the thyroid gland, new sections have been added, including ones on ultrasonography of cervical lymph nodes and imaging for thyroid cancer employing computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An indispensable reference source with chapters written by the field’s leading authoritative experts, Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management, Third Edition, will be of great interest to not only pathologists, endocrine surgeons, endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and oncologists but all clinicians with an interest in thyroid cancer. 

PART I. General Considerations  I :  THYROID CANCER

1 Anatomy and Physiology of the thyroid gland: Clinical Correlates to Thyroid Cancer

2 Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer

3 Molecular Pathogenesis of Thyroid Cancer & Oncogenes in Thyroid Cancer

4 Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Cancer in Children

5 The Role of Genetics in the Development of Familial Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer

6 Apoptosis in Thyroid Cancer

7 Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancer

8 Classification of Thyroid Malignancies

9 Staging of Thyroid Cancer

10 Recombinant human Thyrotropin (Thyrogen®)

PART II. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS II:  NUCLEAR MEDICINE

11 Radioiodine Whole Body Imaging

12 Primer and Atlas for the Interpretation of Radioiodine Whole-Body Scintigraphy

13 False-Positive Radioiodine-131 scans in Thyroid Cancer

14 The Utility of SPECT-CT in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

15 Radioiodine scintigraphy with SPECT/CT: an important diagnostic tool for staging and risk stratification.

16 Stunning by 131I scanning: Untoward Effect of 131I Thyroid Imaging Prior to Radioablation Therapy

17 Stunning is Not a Problem

18 Stunning: Does it Exist? A Commentary

19 To Perform or Not to Perform Radioiodine Scans Prior to 131I Remnant Ablation?

PART III. THE THYROID NODULE

20 The Thyroid Nodule: Evaluation, Risk of Malignancy, and Management

21 Fine-Needle Aspiration

22 Diagnostic and Prognostic Molecular Markers in Thyroid Cancer 

23 Ultrasonic Imaging of the Thyroid Gland

24 Radionuclide Imaging of Thyroid Nodules

25 18F Fluoro-deoxyglucose PET and Thyroid Nodules

26 Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Risk: Surgical Management

27 Thyroid Nodules in Children and Cancer Risk

28 Management of the Thyroid Nodule: A Comparison Of Published International Guidelines

PART IV. WELL-DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER A: PAPILLARY CARCINOMA: PRESENTATION

29 Papillary Carcinoma: Clinical Aspects

30 Papillary Microcarcinoma

31 Surgical Approach to Papillary Thyroid Cancer

32 Papillary Carcinoma: Cytology and Pathology                            

B.  INITIAL MANAGEMENT

33 Remnant Ablation, Adjuvant Treatment and Treatment of Locoregional Metastases with 131I

34 Thyroid Remnant Radioiodine Ablation with Recombinant Human Thyrotropin

C.  SURVEILLANCE

35 Follow-up Strategy in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

36 Thyroid Hormone Therapy and Thyrotropin Suppression

37 Thyroglobulin for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Measurement and Interferences

38 Thyroglobulin Antibodies and Their Measurement

39 Diagnosis of Recurrent Thyroid Cancer in Patients with Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies

40 Ultrasound of the neck lymph nodes

41 Surveillance Radioiodine Whole Body Scans

42 Radionuclide Imaging and Treatment of Children with Thyroid Cancer

44 Alternative Thyroid Imaging

45 MR and CT Imaging of Thyroid Cancer

46 Thyroglobulin in Lymph Node Aspirate

47 Management of the Patients with Negative Radioiodine Scan and Elevated Serum Thyroglobulin

48 Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

49 Surgical Management of Lymph Node Metastases

50 Utility of Second Surgery for Lymph Node Metastases

51 Papillary Cancer Special Aspects in Children

52 Special Presentations of Thyroid Cancer in Thyrotoxicosis, Renal Failure, and Struma Ovarii

53 Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma

54 Thyroid Cancer in Pregnancy

D. TREATMENT

55 Radiation and Radioactivity

56 131I Treatment of Distant Metastases

57 Treatment of Metastatic Thyroid Cancer with Radioiodine following preparation by Recombinant Human Thyrotopin

58 Dosimetrically-Determined Prescribed Activity of 131I for the Treatment of Metastatic Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

59 Simplified Methods of Dosimetry

60 Radioiodine Dosimetry with Recombinant human Thyrotropin   

61 The Use of Lithium as an Adjuvant to Radioiodine In the Treatment of Thyroid Cancer

62 Side Effects of 131I for Therapy of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

63 Radiation Therapy in Papillary Carcinoma

64 Chemotherapy of Thyroid Cancer: General Principles

65 Bone Metastases from Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

66 A Summary of Rare Sites of Metastasis Secondary to Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

67 Adjunctive Local Approaches to Thyroid Nodules and Metastatic Thyroid Cancer

68 Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Cancer: Restoring Response to Radioiodine Therapy

69 Alternative and Complementary Treatment of Thyroid Disorders                       

PART V. WELL-DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER  FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA

70 Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

71 Surgical Management of Follicular Cancer

72 Pathology of Follicular Cancer

73 Hürthle Cell Carcinoma

74 Follow-Up Strategy in Follicular Thyroid Cancer

75 Radionuclide Imaging and 131I Therapy in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

76 PET/CT in Follicular Cancer Including Hürthle Cell Cancer

77 Follicular Thyroid Cancer: Special Aspects in Children and Adolescents

78 External Radiation Therapy of Follicular Carcinoma

79 Determinants of Prognosis of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

PART VI. VARIANTS OF THYROID CANCER

80 Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

81 Miscellaneous and Unusual Tumors of the Thyroid Gland  

82 Pathology of Miscellaneous and Unusual Tumors of the Thyroid Gland

PART VII. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS:  MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA

83 Clinical Aspects of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

84 Cytology and Pathology of Medullary Carcinoma

85 Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Surgical Management

86 Radionuclide Imaging of Medullary Carcinoma

87 PET/CT in Medullary Thyroid Cancer

88 Radiation Therapy in Medullary Cancer

89 Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid: Chemotherapy

90 A Comparison of the ATA, NCCN, ETA, and BTA Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer

PART VIII. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS:  THYROID LYMPHOMA

91 Thyroid Lymphoma

92 Pathology of Lymphoma of the Thyroid

93 PET/CT in Lymphoma and Lymphoma of the Thyroid

PART IX. UNDIFFERENTIATED TUMORS: ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER

94 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Aspects

95 Surgical Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

96  Pathology of Anaplastic Carcinoma

97 PET/CT in Anaplastic Cancer of the Thyroid

98 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

99 Chemotherapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

100 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma:  Prognosis

PART X. NEW FRONTIERS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

101 Advances in Radiation Therapy

102 New Approaches in Nuclear Medicine for Thyroid Cancer

103 124I in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

104 Future Directions for Advanced Thyroid Cancer Therapy

105 Potential Approaches to Chemotherapy of Thyroid Cancer in the Future

PART XI. Additional Resources

106 Prophylaxis against Radiation Exposure from Radioiodine

107 Low Iodine Diets  

108 Appendix A: Books and Manuals

109 Appendix B: Additional Sources of Information: Support groups, Websites and additional information

110 Appendix C: Forms and Instructions for Patients Treated with Radioactivity