Detection and Identification of Organic Compounds

The American edition of our monograph is not a mere translation of the Czech edition, which appeared some five years ago. We have had to respect the fact that even such a short period has sufficed for progress in this field, and that the field of application of methods of organic analysis has widened. We have therefore revised a number of chapters in Part 1, the general part of the monograph-mainly those devoted to chromatographic methods, which have been extended and complemented by methods of thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. The chapters on the theory of color reactions and on analytical literature have also been extended; the chapter on spectral methods has been extended by including the use of proton magnetic resonance in organic analysis, and the list of references has been enlarged by adding books of importance for organic analysis. In Part 2, the part dealing specifically with various elements and chemical groups, we have extended the chapters on solubility and on acids and bases. The methods for the detection and identification of given classes of compounds have also been supplemented by references to recent papers.

1.- I Aims and Methods of Organic Qualitative Analysis.- II Approach to Analysis.- III Preparation of Chemical Substances for Analysis.- 1. Crystallization - 2. Distillation - 3. Sublimation - 4. Extraction - 5. Determination of Physical Constants - References - 6. Color Reactions - References - 7. Identification by Formation of Derivatives - 8. Organic Quantitative Analysis - 9. Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods - References - 10. Spectral Methods - References.- IV A Review of Analytical Literature.- References.- 2.- V Tests for Elements.- 1. Mineralization by Fusion with Sodium - 2. Oxidation with the Decomposition Product of Silver Permanganate - 3. Oxygen Flask Method - 4. Test for Carbon - 5. Test for Hydrogen - 6. Test for Sulfur - 7. Test for Nitrogen - 8. Test for Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine - 9. Test for Fluorine - 10. Test for Boron - 11. Test for Phosphorus - 12. Test for Mercury - References.- VI Group and Classification Reactions.- 1. Solubility - 2. Acidity and Basicity - 3. Potassium Permanganate - 4. Bromine in Carbon Tetrachloride - 5. Sodium Test - 6. Melting with Sodium Hydroxide - 7. Ferric Chloride - 8. p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde - 9. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine - 10. Tetraphenylboranate - 11. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl Chloride and Paper Chromatography - 12. Hydrolysis - 13. Tetrazolium Salt - 14. Aluminum Chloride and Chloroform - 15. Molisch Reagent - 16. Fehling Reagent - 17. Tollens Reagent - 18. Periodic Acid - 19. Benzenediazonium Fluoroborate - 20. Nitrous Acid - 21. Hydroxamate Test - 22. Picric Acid - 23. Ninhydrin - 24. Liebermann Reaction I - 25. Liebermann Reaction II - 26. Formaldehyde and Sulfuric Acid - 27. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate - 28. Sodium Iodide - 29. Fluorescein Chloride - 30. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid Anhydride + SnC12 - 31. Iodoform Reaction - 32. Stannous Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid - 33. Iodine and Sulfanilic Acid - 34. Ferric Hydroxide - 35. Nitrole Reaction - References.- VII Hydrocarbons.- 1. Paraffins and Cycloparaffins - 2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons - 4. Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography of Hydrocarbons - 5. Identification of the Basic Carbon Skeleton - 6. Gas Chromatography of Hydrocarbons - References.- VIII Halo Compounds.- 1. Determination of the Type of Bond between a Halogen and the Rest of the Molecule - 2. Identification of Alkyl and Cycloalkyl Halides - 3. Identification of Fluoro Compounds - 4. Identification of Aromatic Halo Compounds - 5. Color Reactions of Halo Compounds - 6. Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography of Halo Compounds - 7. Gas Chromatography of Halo Compounds - References.- IX Alcohols.- 1. Identification of Alcohols by Their Conversion to Esters - 2. Identification of Alcohols by Their Conversion to Ethers - 3. Oxidation of Alcohols - 4. Reactions Based on the Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halogenides - 5. Colored Complexes of Alcohols - 6. Sodium Test for Active Hydrogen - 7. Paper and Gas Chromatography of Alcohols or Their Derivatives - 8. Various Reactions of Hydroxy Compounds - References.- X Phenols.- 1. Reactions of the Hydroxy Group (Identification) - 2. Color Reactions of Phenols (Detection) - 3. Chromatographic Methods - References.- XI Ethers.- 1. Aliphatic Ethers - 2. Aromatic Ethers - 3. Vinyl Ethers - 4. Methylenedioxy Compounds - 5. Epoxides - 6. Gas Chromatography of Ethers - References.- XII Carbonyl Compounds.- 1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Detection and Identification) - 2. Condensation Reactions (Detection and Identification) - 3. Other Color Reactions (Detection) - 4. Chromatographic Methods - 5. Regeneration and Isolation of Carbonyl Compounds - References.- XIII Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives.- 1. Carboxylic Acids. Detection of the Carboxyl Group - 2. Esters (Detection and Identification) - 3. Acid Chlorides and Anhydrides (Detection and Identification) - 4. Acid Amides (Detection and Identification) - 5. Hydroxamic Acids - 6. Amino Acids - 7. Lactams - 8. Hydroxy Acids - 9. Keto Acids - 10. Halo Acids - 11. Lactones - References.- XIV Some Oxygen-Containing Compounds.- 1. Enols - 2. Enediols - 3. Ketenes - 4. Acetals, Ketals, and Orthoesters - 5. Quinones - 6. Peroxides and Peroxy Acids - 7. Sugars - References.- XV Amines.- 1. Detection and Differentiation of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amines - 2. Identification of Amines - 3. Separation of Amines - References.- XVI Some Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.- 1. Nitro Compounds - 2. Nitro Esters - 3. Nitrous Acid Esters - 4. Nitroso Compounds - 5. Azo Compounds - 6. Azoxy Compounds - 7. Hydrazo Compounds - 8. Diazo Compounds - 9. Nitriles - 10. Isonitriles - 11. Nitramines - 12. Hydrazines - 13. Hydrazides - 14. Oximes - 15. N-Heterocycles - References.- XVII Sulfur Compounds.- 1. Mercaptans and Thiophenols - 2. Sulfides - 3. Disulfides - 4. Sulfonic Acids and Their Chlorides - 5. Sulfonamides - 6. Sulfinic Acids - 7. Isothiocyanates - 8. S-Heterocycles References.- XVIII Carbonic Acid Derivatives.- 1. Phosgene - 2. Cyanates - 3. Cyanamide - 4. Urea and Its Derivatives - References.