Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures

This book includes all of the papers presented at the NATO Symposium on Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures held at Roskilde, Denmark on August 4-8, 1980. The Symposium was sponsored by the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO and the Rise National Laboratory of Denmark. The goal of the Symposium was to continue the tradition initiated by the NATO Symposium on Monitoring Behavior and Supervisory Control held in Berchtesgaden, F .R. Germany in 1976 and the NATO Symposium on Theory and Measurement of Mental Workload held in Mati, Greece in 1977. To this end, a group of 85 psychologists and engineers coming from industry, government, and academia convened to discuss, and to generate a "state-of-the-art" consensus of the problems and solutions associated with the human IS ability to cope with the increasing scale of consequences of failures within complex technical systems. The Introduction of this volume reviews their findings. The Symposium was organized to include brief formal presentations of papers sent to participants about two months in advance of the meeting, and considerable discussion both during plenary sessions and within more specialized workshops. Summaries of the discussions and workshop reports appear in this volume.

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Real Life Perspectives.- Understanding Human Error and Aiding Human Diagnostic Behavior in Nuclear Power Plants.- Commercial Air Crew Detection of System Failures: State of the Art and Future Trends.- Ship Navigational Failure Detection and Diagnosis.- Troubleshooting in the Commercial Computer Industry: A Success Story.- Tools for Debugging Computer Programs - How Much Do They Help?.- Field Experience in Maintenance.- Theories and Models.- Monitoring vs. Man-in-the-Loop Detection or Aircraft Control Failures.- Failure Detection in Dynamic Systems.- A Model of Human Fault Detection for Complex Dynamic Processes.- The Role of Attention in the Detection of Errors and the Diagnosis of Failures in Man-Machine Systems.- Experimental Studies and Mathematical Models of Human Problem Solving Performance in Fault Diagnosis Tasks.- System Complexity, Diagnostic Behavior and Repair Time: A Predictive Theory.- Models of Diagnostic Judgments.- Models of Mental Strategies in Process Plant Diagnosis.- Mathematical Equations or Processing Routines?.- Task Analysis and Activity Analysis in Situations of Field Diagnosis.- Models and Experimental Results Concerning the Detection of Operator Failures in Display Monitoring.- Towards a Theory of Qualitative Reasoning about Mechanisms and its Role in Troubleshooting.- System Design and Operator Support.- Fault Management and Supervisory Control of Decentralized Systems.- Computer Support for Diagnostic Tasks in the Process Industries.- Application of Pattern Recognition to Failure Analysis and Diagnosis.- The Use of Flow Models for Automated Plant Diagnosis.- Discriminative Display Support for Process Operators.- Disturbance Analysis Systems.- Automatic Error Detection and Error Recording of a Distributed, Fault-Tolerant Process ComputerSystem.- The User's Role in Automated Fault Detection and System Recovery.- Aiding Process Plant Operators in Fault Finding and Corrective Action.- A Method for Optimizing Human Performance in Detecting and Diagnosing Mission Avionics Faults.- Training.- Training for Fault Diagnosis in Industrial Process Plant.- A Fault-Finding Training Programme for Continuous Plant Operators.- The Role of Computers in Training for Problem Diagnosis.- Computer-Based Maintenance Training in the Military.- A General-Purpose System for Simulating and Training Complex Diagnosis and Troubleshooting Tasks.- Adaptive Computer Training System (ACTS) for Fault Diagnosis in Maintenance Tasks.- Scat: System Control Analysis and Training Simulator.- Summary of Workshop Discussions.- Participants.- Author Index.