Wave-Particle Duality

This volume tries to continue a tradition of reviews of the contemporary research on the foundations of modern physics begun by the volume on the Einstein Podolsky-Rosen paradox that appeared a few years ago. (I) Its publication coin cides with the hundredth anniversary of de Broglie's birth (1892), a very welcome superposition, given the lasting influence of the Einstein-de Broglie conception of wave-particle duality. The present book, however, contains papers based on a broad spectrum of basic ideas, some even opposite to those that Einstein and de Broglie would have liked. The order of the contributions in this book is alphabetical by first author's name. It is important here to stress the presence of three reviews of fundamental experimental data, by Hasselbach (electron interferometry), Rauch (neutron interferometry), and Tonomura (Aharonov-Bohm effect). Hasselbach reviews several interesting experiments performed in 1Ubingen with the electron biprism interferometer. Wave-particle duality is brought out in striking ways, e. g. , in the buildup of an interference pattern out of single events. The Sagnac effect for electrons is also discussed. The chapter by Rauch presents interesting results on wave-particle duality for neutrons. Of particular interest are the differences between stochastic and deterministic absorption in the neutron interferometer, and the concrete evidence for the quantum-mechanical 41T-symmetry of spinors. In the short chapter by Tonomura, conclusive evidence for the reality of the Aharonov Bohm effect is reviewed, collected in experiments based on advanced technologies of electron holography and microlithography.

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'1 Probability, Pseudoprobability, Mean Values.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pairs of Operators.- 3. Wigner's Pseudodensity.- 4. Probability Spaces.- 5. Quantum Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics.- 6. Marcinkiewicz Space and Stationary Functions.- 7. Conclusion.- 2 Local Vacua.- 1. From Bell's Theorem to Where?.- 2. Some Basic Facts about Nonlocality.- 3. How to Get Rid of the Wave Function Collapse.- 4. The Physical Nature of the Local Vacuum.- 5. Dirac's Covariant Vacuum as an Example.- 6. Conclusion and Outlook.- 3 Causal Quantum Theory: Why a Nonstarter?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formalism and Interpretation: An Example.- 3. The "Copenhagen" Interpretation.- 4. A Logically Possible, Empirically Viable Alternative: Causal Interpretations.- 5. A Modern "Double-Slit" Experiment.- 6. The Value of an Alternative Interpretation.- 7. Oposing Commitments, Opposing Schools.- 7.1. Cultural Milieux.- 7.2. The Wave-Mechanics Route.- 7.3. The Matrix-Mechanics Route.- 8. Forging the "Copenhagen" Interpretation.- 9. An Alternative Historical Scenario?.- 10. Internal versus External Explanations.- 4 Duality of Fluctuations, Fields, and More.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Duality of Fluctuations.- 2.1. Generalized Wave-Particle Fluctuations.- 2.2. Nonclassical States.- 3. Duality of Fields.- 3.1. Classical Fields.- 3.2. Nonclassical Fields.- 3.3. The Vacuum.- 4. Duality of the Radiation Process.- 4.1. Two Kinds of Radiation Processes.- 4.2. Spontaneous Emission.- 4.3. Stimulated Emission.- 4.4. Stimulation (of Induced Emission): The Blake-Scarl Experiment.- 4.5. Stimulation (of Spontaneous Emission).- 4.6. A Hypothesis.- 5. The Unobservable Wave.- 5.1. Empty Waves and Duality.- 5.2. Blake-Scarl.- 5.3. Selleri and Others.- 5.4. Mückenheim et al.- 5.5. Martinolli-Gozzini.- 5.6. Conclusion.- 6. Discussion: Measurement and Duality.- 6.1. Locality.- 6.2. Unitarity.- 6.3. Duality and Reality.- 5 Dualism within Dualism: Open Questions.- 6 Recent Contributions of Electron Interferometry to Wave-Particle Duality.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Novel Electron-Optical Biprism Interferometer.- 3. Electron Interferometric Verifications of Wave-Particle Duality.- 3.1. Early Experiments: Diffraction at an Edge, Electron Biprism Interferences, and Diffraction by Slits.- 3.2. Novel Experiments.- 7 The Aharonov-Bohm Effect From the Point of View of Local Realism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of the AB Effect.- 3. Looking Beyond the Mathematical Formalism.- 4. Local Realist Interpretation of the AB Effect.- 8 Are Two-Beam Self-Interferences Mass-Independent? Not Thoroughly Known (?) Role of the Mass.- 1. Introduction and Historical Backgrounds.- 2. Propositions of New Test Experiments.- 2.1. Modified Neutron Double Slits.- 2.2. TSPL versus V Curve.- 2.3. Effect of Source Size.- 2.4. Modified Ion Biprism.- 3. Is the Dirac Assumption Approximate or Not?.- 4. Hypothetical Model: The In-flight Transition before Arrival at Detector.- 5. Theoretical Perspectives.- 5.1. Irreversible Microscopic Process.- 5.2. Effect on EPR and Delayed Choice Experiments.- 5.3. Are Roles of the Mass "Not Thoroughly Known"?.- 6. Epistemological Remarks.- 9 Wave Mechanics and Relativity.- 1. Can We Reach Wave Mechanics Starting from Classical Mechanics?.- 2. Minimal Conditions of Wave-Particle Dualism: They Are Incompatible with Classical Mechanics and Require Relativity.- 3. A Note about a Reasoning of Hamilton.- 10 Unsharp Particle-Wave Duality in Double-Slit Experiments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Photon Split-Beam Experiment.- 3. The Unsharp Measuring Process.- 4. Information Theoretical Considerations.- 5. Realization of the Unsharp Joint Measurement of P(A) and P(B).- 6. Neutron Interference Experiments.- 11 Some Arguments against the Existence of de Broglie Waves.- 1. Distinguishing Schrödinger's from de Broglie's Waves.- 2. De Broglie's Initial Concept of de Broglie Waves.- 3. Discussion of Models.- 4. Conclu