A Companion to Bioethics

Helga Kuhse is Senior Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Human Bioethics, Monash University, Australia. She is the author, co-author or editor of more than 150 professional articles and some 15 books, including Bioethics: An Anthology (co-edited with Peter Singer, Second Edition, Blackwell, 2006).
 
Peter Singer is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the University of Melbourne. He is the author, co-author, or editor of more than forty books, including Animal Liberation (first published in 1975), widely credited with triggering the modern animal-rights movement, Practical Ethics (Third Edition, 2011), In Defense of Animals: The Second Wave (Blackwell, 2005), The Moral of the Story: An Anthology of Ethics Through Literature (co-edited with Renata Singer, Blackwell, 2004) and The Life You Can Save (2009). He was the founding president of the International Association of Bioethics, and in 2005, Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

This second edition of A Companion to Bioethics, fully revised and updated to reflect the current issues and developments in the field, covers all the material that the reader needs to thoroughly grasp the ideas and debates involved in bioethics.
* Thematically organized around an unparalleled range of issues, including discussion of the moral status of embryos and fetuses, new genetics, life and death, resource allocation, organ donations, AIDS, human and animal experimentation, health care, and teaching
* Now includes new essays on currently controversial topics such as cloning and genetic enhancement
* Topics are clearly and compellingly presented by internationally renowned bioethicists
* A detailed index allows the reader to find terms and topics not listed in the titles of the essays themselves

This second edition of A Companion to Bioethics, fully revised and updated to reflect the current issues and developments in the field, covers all the material that the reader needs to thoroughly grasp the ideas and debates involved in bioethics.

List of Contributors xi
 
Acknowledgments xiii
 
Part I Introduction 1
 
1 What Is Bioethics? A Historical Introduction 3
Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer
 
Part II Questions About Bioethics 13
 
2 Ethical Theory and Bioethics 15
James Rachels
 
3 Culture and Bioethics 24
Segun Gbadegesin
 
4 Gender and Bioethics 36
Jan Crosthwaite
 
5 Religion and Bioethics 46
Eric Gregory
 
6 Law and Bioethics 56
Wibren van der Burg
 
Part III Ethical Approaches 65
 
7 A Principle-based Approach 67
James F. Childress
 
8 Exceptionless Rule Approaches 77
Joseph Boyle
 
9 A Utilitarian Approach 85
R. M. Hare
 
10 A Virtue Ethics Approach 91
Justin Oakley
 
11 A Care Approach 105
Rita C. Manning
 
12 A Case Approach 117
John D. Arras
 
Part IV Before Birth: Issues Involving Embryos and Fetuses 127
 
13 Personhood 129
Michael Tooley
 
14 Abortion 140
Mary Anne Warren
 
15 Mother-Fetus Conflict 149
Bonnie Steinbock
 
Part V Issues In Reproduction 161
 
16 Population 163
Margaret Pabst Battin
 
17 Assisted Reproduction, Prenatal Testing, and Sex Selection 178
Laura M. Purdy
 
18 Cloning 193
Gregory Pence
 
Part VI The New Genetics 205
 
19 Gene Therapy 207
Ruth Chadwick
 
20 Genetic Enhancement 216
Julian Savulescu
 
21 Creating and Patenting New Life Forms 235
Nils Holtug
 
22 Genetic Counseling, Testing, and Screening 245
Angus Clarke
 
Part VII Life and Death Issues 261
 
23 Medical Decisions at the End of Life 263
Dan W. Brock
 
24 Severely Disabled Newborns 274
Eike-Henner W. Kluge
 
25 Death, Brain Death, and Persistent Vegetative State 286
Jeff McMahan
 
26 Advance Directives 299
Alexander Morgan Capron
 
27 Voluntary Euthanasia, Suicide, and Physician-assisted Suicide 312
Brian Stoffell
 
28 The Slippery Slope Argument 321
Govert den Hartogh
 
Part VIII Resource Allocation 333
 
29 Deciding Between Patients 335
John Harris
 
30 Society's Allocation of Resources for Health 351
Daniel Wikler and Sarah Marchand
 
31 Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass? 362
Norman Daniels
 
Part IX Organ Donations 373
 
32 A World of Transferable Parts 375
Janet Radcliffe Richards
 
Part X Global Health-care Issues 391
 
33 Global Health Responsibilities 393
Christopher Lowry and Udo Schüklenk
 
34 Developing World Challenges 404
Udo Schüklenk, Michael Kottow, and Peter A. Sy
 
35 Global Pharmaceutical Markets 417
Kevin Outterson and Donald W. Light
 
36 Infectious Disease 430
Michael J. Selgelid
 
37 AIDS as a Global Health Emergency 441
Udo Schüklenk
 
Part XI Experimentation With Humans and Animals 455
 
38 Research Involving Human Beings 457
Florencia Luna and Ruth Macklin
 
39 Regulating Experimentation in Research and Medical Practice 469
Paul Ulhas Macneill
 
40 Research Using Preimplantation Human Embryos 487
Mary Warnock and Peter Braude
 
41 The Moral Status of Animals and Their Use As Experimental Subjects 495
Bernard E. Rollin
 
PART XII Ethical Issues in the Practice of Health Care 511
 
42 Confidentiality 513
Raanan Gillon and Daniel K. Sokol
 
43 Truth-telling 520
Roger Higgs
 
44 Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy 530
Robert Young
 
45 Patients Doubtfully Capable or Incapable of Consent 541
Carl Elliott
 
46 Ethics in Nursing Practice 551
Jane