Genetic Immunization

Wolf's discovery demonstrating that a reporter gene is expressed in myocytes subsequent to injection of naked DNA, was exploited by immunologists and vaccinologists to develop a new generation of vaccines. This observation galvanized the research and in a short lapse of time, an oceanic volume of knowledge has been accumulated. The research carried out in a variety of animal models showed the efficacy of genetic immunization against viruses, bacteria, and some parasites by the ability to induce a strong priming effect resulting from long-lasting persistence of plasmid as episomes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that newborn or infant immune unresponsiveness to classical vaccines can be corrected by genetic immunization. The applications of genetic immunization for prophylaxis of infections was extended to immunotherapy, namely, cancerous, auto immune, and allergic diseases. Immunologists have provided pertinent information on the cellular basis of the immune responses elicited by genetic immunization, and molecular biologists have established the molecular basis of intrinsic adjuvant properties of plasmids.

1. Approaches for Development of New Vaccines.- 2. Genetic Vaccination: Routes and Formulations.- 3. Intrinsic Adjuvant Properties of Plasmid DNA.- 4. Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Immune Response Elicited by Genetic Immunization.- 5. Protective Immune Responses Elicited by Genetic Immunization against Viruses.- 6. Immune Responses Elicited by Genetic Immunization with Bacterial, Fungal, or Parasitic Antigens.- 7. Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Genetic Vaccines.- 8. Genetic Immunization against Tumors.- 9. Genetic Vaccination of Neonates.