The Sounds of Language

Elizabeth C. Zsiga is Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University, where she has been a faculty member since 1994, teaching phonology and phonetics to both graduate and undergraduate students, with concentrations in theoretical, applied, and socio-linguistics. She has been published in numerous linguistics journals and books. Her research describes the sound systems of diverse languages including English, Igbo, Korean, Russian, Setswana, Serbian, and Thai.

The Sounds of Language is an introductory guide to the linguistic study of speech sounds, which provides uniquely balanced coverage of both phonology and phonetics.Features exercises and problem sets, as well as supporting online resources at wiley.com/go/zsiga, including additional discussion questions and exercises, as well as links to further resources such as sound files, video files, and useful websitesCreates opportunities for students to practice data analysis and hypothesis testingIntegrates data on sociolinguistic variation, first language acquisition, and second language learningExplores diverse topics ranging from the practical, such as how to make good digital recordings, make a palatogram, solve a phoneme/allophone problem, or read a spectrogram; to the theoretical, including the role of markedness in linguistic theory, the necessity of abstraction, features and formal notation, issues in speech perception as distinct from hearing, and modelling sociolinguistic and other variationsOrganized specifically to fit the needs of undergraduate students of phonetics and phonology, and is structured in a way which enables instructors to use the text both for a single semester phonetics and phonology course or for a two-course sequence

The Sounds of Language is an introductory guide to the linguistic study of speech sounds, which provides uniquely balanced coverage of both phonology and phonetics.

Features exercises and problem sets, as well as supporting online resources at wiley.

Preface xv1 The Vocal Tract 11.1 Seeing the vocal tract: tools for speech research 21.2 Parts of the vocal tract 5Chapter summary 11Further reading 11Review exercises 12Further analysis and discussion 13Go online 13References 132 Basics of Articulation: Manner and Place in English 142.1 The dance of the articulators 152.2 Phonetic transcription 162.3 The building blocks of speech 20Chapter summary 29Further reading 29Review exercises 30Further analysis and discussion 32Go online 323 A Tour of the Consonants 333.1 Exotic sounds and the phonetic environment 343.2 Pulmonic consonants 373.3 Non-pulmonic consonants 453.4 Positional variation in English 48Chapter summary 51Further reading 52Review exercises 52Further analysis and discussion 53Go online 54References 544 A Map of the Vowels 554.1 The landscape 564.2 Cardinal vowels 574.3 Building inventories: dimensions of vowel quality 594.4 Nasality and voice quality 664.5 Length and diphthongs 674.6 Tone 684.7 Positional variants of the vowels of English 70Chapter summary 71Further reading 71Review exercises 72Further analysis and discussion 73Further research 74References 745 Anatomy, Physiology, and Gestural Coordination 765.1 Anatomy and physiology of respiration 775.2 Anatomy and physiology of the larynx 795.3 Anatomy of the supralaryngeal vocal tract 855.4 Coordination of gestures 895.5 Palatography 91Chapter summary 94Further reading 95Review exercises 96Further analysis and discussion 97Go online 986 The Physics of Sound: Pendulums, Pebbles, and Waves 996.1 What is sound? 1006.2 Simple harmonic motion: a pendulum and a tuning fork 1026.3 Adding sinuosoids: complex waves 1056.4 Sound propagation 1086.5 Decibels 1106.6 Resonance 1116.7 The vocal tract as a sound-producing device: source-filter theory 114Chapter summary 116Further reading 116Review exercises 117Further analysis and discussion 118Go online 1187 Looking at Speech: Waveforms, Spectra, andSpectrograms 1197.1 Pre-digital speech 1207.2 Digitization 1227.3 Looking at waveforms 1297.4 Spectra 1317.5 Spectrograms 137Chapter summary 142Further reading 143Review exercises 144Further analysis and discussion 144Go online 148References 1488 Speech Analysis: Under the Hood 1498.1 Building sounds up 150configurations 1598.2 Breaking sounds down 160Chapter summary 169Further reading 170Review exercises 170Further analysis and discussion 171Go online 172References 1729 Hearing and Speech Perception 1739.1 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 1749.2 Neuro-anatomy 1819.3 Speech perception 186Chapter summary 194Further reading 195Review exercises 195Further analysis and discussion 196Go online 197References 19710 Phonology 1: Abstraction, Contrast, Predictability 19810.1 The necessity of abstraction 19910.2 Contrast and predictability: phonemes and allophones 20310.3 Some complicating factors 21110.4 Biuniqueness, Behaviorism, and the decline of phonemic analysis 214Chapter summary 216Further reading 216Review exercises 216Further analysis and discussion 217Further research 219Go online 219References 21911 Phonotactics and Alternations 22111.1 Phonotactic constraints 22211.2 Analyzing alternations 22511.3 Alternations: what to expect 232Chapter summary 246Further reading 246Review exercises 246Further analysis and discussion 248Go online 250References 25012 What Is Possible Language?: Distinctive Features 25312.1 Introduction 25412.2 Distinctive features 25712.3 How have our hypotheses fared? 270Chapter summary 271Further reading 272Review exercises 272Further analysis and discussion 272Further research 274Go online 274References 27413 Rules and Derivations in Generative Grammar 27513.1 Generative grammars 27613.2 Underlying representations 27713.3 Writing rules 279

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