Synthesis of Naturally Occuring Nitrogen Heterocycles from Carbohydrates

Professor El Sayed H. El Ashry1 Dr. Ahmed El Nemr 2

Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature and easily available, so are considered as a promising feedstock for the preparation of many organic chemical compounds, and are particularly useful in the preparation of nitrogen heterocycles because of their related structural characteristics.

Chapter 1 Five Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles.1.1 Hydroxymethylpyrrolidines.2-Hydroxymethyl-pyrrolidines.Dihydro-2-hydroxymethylpyrrole (Nectrisine).2,5-Dihydroxymethyl-pyrrolidines.1.2 2-Carboxypyrrolidines.Hydroxyprolines.Bulgecins.1.3 2-Aralkyl pyrrolidines.Anisomycin.Preussin.1.4 2-Aryl pyrrolidines.Codonopsinine and Codonopsine.1.5 Miscellaneous.Detoxins.Gualamycin.Lactacystin.Chapter 2 Five Membered Heterocycles with two Heteroatoms.2.1 Hydantocidin.2.2 Bleomycin.2.3 Calyculins.2.4 Acivicin.2.5 Bengazole.Chapter 3 Six Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles.3.1 Hydroxymethylpiperidines.Nojirimycin.Mannojirimycin.Galactonojirimycin.Fagomine.Homojirimycins.3.2 Miscellaneous substituted piperidines.2,6-Disubstituted-3-hydroxypiperidines.Hydroxylated pipicolic acid.Sesbanimide.Siastatin.Meroquinene.Pyridyl of pyridomycin.Chapter 4 Seven Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles.4.1 Bengamides.4.2 Liposidomycins.Chapter 5 Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles.5.1 3:5-Fused Heterocycles.Azinomycins.5.2 4:5-Fused Heterocycles.b-Lactams.5.3 5:5-Fused Heterocycles.Polyhydroxypyrrolizidines.Trehazolin.Allosamidin.Biotin.5.4 5:6-Fused Heterocycles.Hydroxylated indolizidines.Castanospermine.Swainsonine.Lentiginosine.Slaframine.Miscellaneous.Kifunensine.Nagastatin.Calystegines.Mesembrine.Streptolidine.55 6:6-Fused Heterocycles.Hydroxylated Quinuclidines.Biopterins.Isoquinolines.Calycotomine.Decumbenosine.Laudanosine and glaucine.Chapter 6 Multi-fused heterocycles.6.1 Indoloquinolizidines.Xylopinine.Antirhine.Allo-Yohimbane.Ajmalicine.6.2 Indolocarbazole Alkaloids.6.3 Phenanthridone alkaloids.6.4 Ecteinascidins