Reactive Power Compensation

The comprehensive resource on reactive power compensation, presenting the design, application and operation of reactive power equipment and installations The area of reactive power compensation is gaining increasing importance worldwide. If suitably designed, it is capable of improving voltage quality significantly, meaning that losses in equipment and power systems are reduced, the permissible loading of equipment can be increased, and the over-all stability of system operation improved. Ultimately, energy use and CO2 emisson are reduced. This unique guide discusses the effects of reactive power on generation, transmission and distribution, and looks at the compensation of existing installations in detail. It outlines methods for determination of reactive power and answers the questions that arise when controlling it, for example, at parallel operation with generators. There is also a chapter devoted to installation, maintenance and disturbances. Key features include: A concise overview as well as deep specific knowledge on the segment power factor regulation and network quality Theory of reactive power compensation coupled with typical application examples such as car manufacturing, metal rolling and chemical works Chapter summaries with charts explaining how to put the theory into practice Coverage on the cost-saving aspects of this technology, including the efficient use of energy and the reduction of CO2 A practical guide for electrical engineers and technicians in utilities, this is also essential reading for maintenance engineers, designers, electrical contractors, manufacturing companies, and researchers, also those in industry and planning agencies. Insightful and clear, the book will also appeal to senior undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students and professors.

The comprehensive resource on reactive power compensationpresenting the design, application and operation of reactive powerequipment and installationsThe area of reactive power compensation is gaining increasingimportance worldwide. If suitably designed, it is capable ofimproving voltage quality significantly, meaning that losses inequipment and power systems are reduced, the permissible loading ofequipment can be increased, and the over-all stability of systemoperation improved. Ultimately, energy use and CO2emisson are reduced.This unique guide discusses the effects of reactive power ongeneration, transmission and distribution, and looks at thecompensation of existing installations in detail. It outlinesmethods for determination of reactive power and answers thequestions that arise when controlling it, for example, at paralleloperation with generators. There is also a chapter devoted toinstallation, maintenance and disturbances.Key features include:* A concise overview as well as deep specific knowledge on thesegment power factor regulation and network quality* Theory of reactive power compensation coupled with typicalapplication examples such as car manufacturing, metal rolling andchemical works* Chapter summaries with charts explaining how to put the theoryinto practice* Coverage on the cost-saving aspects of this technologyincluding the efficient use of energy and the reduction ofCO2A practical guide for electrical engineers and technicians inutilities, this is also essential reading for maintenanceengineers, designers, electrical contractors, manufacturingcompanies, and researchers, also those in industry and planningagencies. Insightful and clear, the book will also appeal to seniorundergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students andprofessors.

1 IntroductionTransmission and Utilisation of electrical EnergyDefinition of reactive Power and Power Factor2 Reactive Power Consumers and reactive PowerConsumers in serial ConnectionConsumers in parallel ConnectionMixed ConnectionReactive Power of electrical Installations3 Effects of reactive Power on Generation, Transmission and DistributionCurrents of Generators and LinesLossesGeneratorsVoltage dropAvailable Power of Transformers4 Reactive Power in Energy ContractsContractual Regulations of reactive EnergyContractual Regulations of reactive Power5 Methods for Determination of reactive Power and Power Factor6 Improvement of Power FactorBasics of reactive power compensationOptimisation of reactive Power by selection of Motors and Load ProfileCompensation by GeneratorsCompensation by Capacitors7 Design, Arrangement and Power of CapacitorsCapacitors with Paper DielectricMetal-paper DielectricSynthetic-film DielectricArrangement and Power of Capacitors8 Determination of required Power of CapacitorsBasics of CalculationCalculation for new Installations9 Types of reactive Power CompensationSingle-type CompensationBulk-type CompensationCentral-type CompensationMixed CompensationAdvantages and Disadvantages10 Compensation of existing Installations11 Control of reactive PowerControlgear and Control-equipmentStep number and related PowerC/k-valueReverse Control Scheme (cos j)Atomatic reactive Power ControlZero-voltage switchingReactive Power Control with mixed measuringReactive Power Control with multiple infeedMeasuring by Current TransformersParallel Operation with multiple infeed12 Discharging Devices for CapacitorsDischarging Devices for LV-CapacitorsDischarging Devices for MV-Capacitors13 Protection of CapacitorsOvercurrent and short-circuit ProtetctionOvervoltage ProtectionProtection against Temperature riseUnbalance ProtectionProtection against internal Faults14 Switching of CapacitorsSelection of SwitchgearSwitching by SemiconductorsThyristor SwitchingReactive Power Control and Thyristor ControlDynamic reactive Power ControlSVC15 Installation, Maintenance and Disturbances16 Reactive Power Compensation at Plants with GeneratorsGeneral4-quadrant OperationTechnical ConsiderationsBargaining Considerations17 Effects Perturbations with Influence of Capacitors in Networks with HarmonicsNetwork Perturbation and improved Network QualityMeasuring and Analysis18 Resonances in Power SystemsAffects of Capacitors on the Network with Harmonics19 Reactor protected Capacitors and Filter CircuitsEffects of Reactor-protected Systems and System ConfigurationReactive ReactorsDesign of Reactor-protected SystemsNotes of Selection of ReactorsFilter CircuitsDesign of Filter CircuitsActive FilterPassive FilterComparison of active and passive FilterNeutral Conductor Compensation20Improvement of Power QualityDynamic Compensation System21 Compensation at Power ConvertersCompensation bank operating in parallel with a six-pulse bridge-connected ConverterPower Capacitors in parallel Operation with non-linear loadsCharacterisitic Behaviour of reactive Power Controllers at Converters22 Environmental and Climate Protection using CapacitorsPCB-filled CapacitorsClimate Change and Energy Efficiency through Power Factor Correction