Distributed Sensor Systems

This book focuses on the distinct but tightly inter-related areas of development for distributed sensing systems In this book, the authors discuss the technological developments lead by sensor technology, addressing viable new applications to inspire a technological evolution. Under the advanced and visionary approach of distributed intelligence, the authors focus on three distinct but tightly inter-related areas of developments for distributed sensing systems (DSS): firstly, the sensor technology embracing the conversion of the phenomena of interest into desirable form of signal such as electric, secondly, the interaction process between sensing points which requires immense intelligence loosely called networking, and finally, the adoption of useful maturing systems through potential applications for right impacts for a better life and a brighter economy. Furthermore, the book contains a number of case studies and typical applications illustrating the technical details, features and functions of the systems, as well as demonstrating their benefits and limitations. Key Features: Discusses the technological developments lead by sensor technology Addresses viable new applications Contains a number of case studies and typical applications illustrating the technical details, features and functions of the systems Demonstrates the benefits and limitations of distributed sensing Written by experts with vast experience in the field (both in academia and industry) This book will be an invaluable reference for postgraduates studying related courses (communication engineering, engineering management, computer systems, industrial process, automation, design, environmental, urban, surveillance), R&D engineers, system and application designers, researchers, industrial project managers and engineers, and technical and strategic managers planning new products.

This book focuses on the distinct but tightly inter-relatedareas of development for distributed sensing systemsIn this book, the authors discuss the technological developmentslead by sensor technology, addressing viable new applications toinspire a technological evolution. Under the advanced and visionaryapproach of distributed intelligence, the authors focus on threedistinct but tightly inter-related areas of developments fordistributed sensing systems (DSS): firstly, the sensor technologyembracing the conversion of the phenomena of interest intodesirable form of signal such as electric, secondly, theinteraction process between sensing points which requires immenseintelligence loosely called networking, and finally, the adoptionof useful maturing systems through potential applications for rightimpacts for a better life and a brighter economy. Furthermore, thebook contains a number of case studies and typical applicationsillustrating the technical details, features and functions of thesystems, as well as demonstrating their benefits andlimitations.Key Features:* Discusses the technological developments lead by sensortechnology* Addresses viable new applications* Contains a number of case studies and typical applicationsillustrating the technical details, features and functions of thesystems* Demonstrates the benefits and limitations of distributedsensing* Written by experts with vast experience in the field (both inacademia and industry)This book will be an invaluable reference for postgraduatesstudying related courses (communication engineering, engineeringmanagement, computer systems, industrial process, automationdesign, environmental, urban, surveillance), R&D engineerssystem and application designers, researchers, industrial projectmanagers and engineers, and technical and strategic managersplanning new products.

List of Figures xiList of Tables xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgements xxviiList of Abbreviations xxix1 Distributed Sensors 11.1 Primary Objectives 11.1.1 User-Based Category 21.1.2 Sector-Based Category 51.1.3 Primary Objectives 51.2 Historical Development 81.2.1 Sensing 81.2.2 Historical Sensor Generations 81.3 Trends and Technology 101.3.1 Market Development Trends 101.3.2 Technological Developments 121.4 Distributed Intelligence 151.4.1 Innovation 161.4.2 Dis-Invention 191.4.3 Intelligent Agent 191.4.4 Deployment Factor 201.4.5 Overlay Network 211.4.6 Deployment Algorithm 211.5 Classifying Application Areas 251.5.1 Domain-Based Classification 261.5.2 Mobility-Based Classification 261.5.3 Intelligence-Based Classification 272 Smart Sensing Devices 312.1 Specification and Classification 312.2 Elementary Sensing Circuits and Devices 362.2.1 Elementary Electrical Sensors 372.2.2 Low Energy Integration 392.3 Actuator Interface Structures 412.4 Physical Phenomena Sensing Devices 452.4.1 Optical Sensors 452.4.2 Image Sensing 462.5 Biological and Chemical Phenomena Sensing Devices 482.6 Other Sensors and Actuators 543 Smart Sensing Architectures 593.1 Smart Sensor Nodes 603.1.1 Hardware 623.1.2 Software 623.2 Embedded Operating Systems 673.3 Network Formation 703.3.1 Node Placement 763.4 Networking Protocols 773.4.1 Location-Based Protocols 793.4.2 Data-Centric Protocols 833.4.3 Hierarchical Routing 863.4.4 Mobility-Based Routing Protocols 903.4.5 Other Routing Protocols 933.5 Cross-Layer Optimisation 953.6 Inference and Aggregation 993.7 Case Study: Smart Camera Networks 1033.8 Case Study: Collaborative Beamforming 1074 Monitoring Well Being 1154.1 Measuring Health 1164.2 Managing Chronic Diseases 1254.3 Case Study: Smart Shirts 1324.4 Case Study: Geriatric Care 1364.5 Case Study: Outpatient Care 1415 Clinical Applications 1495.1 Surgical Applications 1505.2 Dental Applications 1615.3 Scalp Applications 1655.4 Post-Operative Applications 1715.5 Emergency Case Studies 1816 Smart Home, Smart Office 1896.1 Application Requirements 1906.2 Energy and Resource Optimisation 1986.3 Smart Home Case Studies 2036.4 Smart Office Case Studies 2127 Public Safety Applications 2217.1 Monitoring Airborne Toxins 2237.2 Monitoring Forest Fires 2287.3 Monitoring Structural Health 2337.4 Monitoring Traffic 2427.5 Case Study: Sink Location 2507.6 Case Study: Congestion Avoidance 2547.7 Case Study: Target Tracking and Surveillance 2578 Geographical Applications 2618.1 Farming Industry 2618.2 Mining Industry 2708.3 Transportation 2748.4 Remote Sensing and Imaging 2798.5 Earth Resources Observation 2828.6 Underwater Sensing 287Appendix A Further Details on Potential Devices and Systems 293A.1 Accelerometers 293A.2 Equipment 295A.2.1 Tomography 296A.2.2 Gadgets 300A.3 Smart Sensors Devices 302A.3.1 Mica2 and Mica2Dot 302A.3.2 MicaZ 307A.3.3 Telos and TMote Sky 308A.3.4 Fleck3 and FleckNano 310A.3.5 3Mate! 312A.3.6 IMote 2 312A.3.7 System-on-Chip CC2510 313A.3.8 System-on-Chip CC2530 314A.4 Networks and Protocols 315A.4.1 ZigBee 315A.4.2 RFID and Wireless Sensor Integration 318A.4.3 Wireless Sensors for Industrial Environments 319A.5 Systems 321References 325Index 337