Sea Ice

Mohammed Shokr is a Retired Senior Scientist at the Meteorological Research Division of Environment and Climate Change Canada. He is a senior member of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He spent his scientific career studying sea ice physics and remote sensing.
 
Nirmal K. Sinha is a Retired Senior Scientist at the Institute for Aerospace Research, National Research Council of Canada. He is an expert on engineering physics and optics. He has recently published another book with Wiley, titled Engineering Physics of High-temperature Material: Metals, Ice, Rocks, and Ceramics.

SEA ICE
 
The latest edition of the gold standard in sea ice references
 
In the newly revised second edition of Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an in-depth review of the features and structural properties of ice, as well as the latest advances in geophysical sensors, ice parameter retrieval techniques, and remote sensing data. The book has been updated to reflect the latest scientific developments in macro- and micro-scale sea ice research.
 
For this edition, the authors have included high-quality photographs of thin sections from cores of various ice types, as well as a comprehensive account of all major field expeditions that have systematically surveyed sea ice and its properties. Readers will also find:
* A thorough introduction to ice physics and physical processes, including ice morphology and age-based structural features
* Practical discussions of radiometric and radar-scattering observations from sea ice, including radar backscatter and microwave emission
* The latest techniques for the retrieval of sea ice parameters from space-borne and airborne sensor data
* New chapters on sea ice thermal microwave emissions and on the impact of climate change on polar sea ice
 
Perfect for academic researchers working on sea ice, the cryosphere, and climatology, Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing will also benefit meteorologists, marine operators, and high-latitude construction engineers.

Preface xv
 
Acknowledgments and Recognitions xvii
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Background 1
 
1.2 Canada and the Arctic: Historical and Community Synopsis 4
 
1.3 The Fascinating Nature of Sea Ice 8
 
1.4 Sea Ice in Research and Operational Disciplines 12
 
1.4.1 Sea Ice in Physics 12
 
1.4.2 Sea Ice in Climatology 13
 
1.4.3 Sea Ice in Meteorology 14
 
1.4.4 Sea Ice in Oceanography 15
 
1.4.5 Sea Ice in Marine Biology 16
 
1.4.6 Sea Ice in Marine Navigation 17
 
1.4.7 Sea Ice and Offshore Structures 19
 
1.4.8 Sea Ice as A Transportation Platform 20
 
1.4.9 Sea Ice in Relation to Solid Earth Sciences: Rocks and Plate Tectonics 21
 
1.5 Sea Ice and Remote Sensing 22
 
1.6 Motivation for the Book Writing 24
 
1.7 Organization of the Book 25
 
1.8 References 27
 
2 Ice Physics and Physical Processes 29
 
2.1 Prior to Freezing: About Freshwater and Seawater 30
 
2.1.1 Molecular Composition of Water 30
 
2.1.2 Seawater Salinity 31
 
2.1.3 Seawater Density 32
 
2.2 Phase Diagram of Sea Ice 33
 
2.3 Initial Ice Formation 33
 
2.3.1 Freezing Processes in Freshwater and Seawater 33
 
2.3.2 Initial Formation of Ice Crystals and Frazil Ice 35
 
2.4 Sea Ice Growth 37
 
2.4.1 Lateral Ice Growth 37
 
2.4.2 Vertical Ice Growth (Congelation Ice) 38
 
2.4.3 Superimposed Ice 39
 
2.4.4 Thermodynamic Ice Growth 40
 
2.4.4.1 Simplified Models of Sea Ice Growth 41
 
2.4.4.2 Effect of Snow On Sea Ice 45
 
2.4.4.3 Effect of Oceanic Heat Flux 46
 
2.4.4.4 Effect of Surface Ablation 46
 
2.5 Processes in Ice 47
 
2.5.1 Compositional (Constitutional) Supercooling At the Ice-Water Interface 50
 
2.5.2 Dendritic Ice-Water Interface and Entrapment of Brine Within Sea Ice 51
 
2.5.3 Grains and Subgrains In Sea Ice 53
 
2.5.4 Brine Pockets Formation, Contents and Distribution In Sea Ice 54
 
2.5.5 Salinity Loss During Sea Ice Growth 58
 
2.5.5.1 Initial Rapid Salt Rejection At the Ice-Water Interface 59
 
2.5.5.2 Subsequent Slow Salt Rejection from the Bulk Ice 61
 
2.6 Ice Deformation 67
 
2.6.1 Rafting of Thin Ice 69
 
2.6.2 Ridging of Thick Ice 70
 
2.6.3 Formation of Ice Rubble Field 73
 
2.6.4 Fractures in Ice Cover 74
 
2.7 Ice Decay and Aging 76
 
2.7.1 Ice Decay 76
 
2.7.2 Ice Aging 80
 
2.8 Sea Ice Classes 84
 
2.9 Sea Ice Regimes 85
 
2.9.1 Polynyas 86
 
2.9.2 Pancake Ice Regime 90
 
2.9.3 Marginal Ice Zone and Ice Edge 92
 
2.9.3.1 Marginal Ice Zone 93
 
2.9.3.2 Ice Edge 94
 
2.9.4 Ice of Glacier Origin 95
 
2.10 References 99
 
3 Sea Ice Properties: Data and Derivations 107
 
3.1 Typical Values of Sea Ice and Snow Physical Parameters 107
 
3.2 Temperature Profiles in Ice and Snow 108
 
3.3 Bulk Salinity and Salinity Profile 113
 
3.3.1 Bulk Salinity 115
 
3.3.2 Salinity profiles 116
 
3.4 Density of First-Year and Multi-Year Ice 121
 
3.5 Volume Fraction of Sea Ice Constituents 123
 
3.5.1 Brine Volume Fraction 123
 
3.5.2 Solid Salt Volume Fraction 124
 
3.5.3 Pure Ice Volume Fraction 124
 
3.5.4 Air Volume Fraction 124
 
3.5.5 Temperature Dependence of Volume Fractions of Different Components 125
 
3.6 Thermal Properties 126
 
3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity of Sea Ice 126
 
3.6.2 Thermal Conductivity of Snow