Primer on Engineering Standards

Owen R. Greulich, M.E., P.E., is an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Process Piping Code Committee and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Committee on Aerospace Pressure Vessels. He currently serves as Pressure and Energetic Systems Safety Manager in the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance at NASA Headquarters. Previously, Mr. Greulich worked in the private sector metals fabrication and machining industry.
 
Maan H. Jawad, Ph.D., P.E., is president of Global Engineering and Technology, an engineering consulting firm for the pressure vessel, power, petrochemical, and nuclear industries. He has been active on ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code committees as a member and chairperson since 1972, a member of the Missouri Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Rules, and is a Fellow of the ASME. Prior to retiring, he was with the Nooter Corporation in St. Louis, Missouri.

A Clear, Comprehensive Introduction to Standards in the Engineering Professions
 
Standards supplement the design process by guiding the designer toward consistency, safety, and reliability. As daily life involves increasingly complex and sophisticated instruments, standards become indispensable engineering tools to ensure user safety and product quality. Primer on Engineering Standards: Expanded Textbook Edition delves into standards creation and compliance to provide students and engineers with a comprehensive reference.
 
The different types of standards are dissected and discussed in terms of development, value, impact, interpretation, and compliance, and options are provided for situations where conformance is not possible. The process of standards creation is emphasized in terms of essential characteristics and common pitfalls to avoid, with detailed guidance on how, where, and with whom one may get involved in official development.
 
Organized for both quick reference and textbook study, this new Expanded Textbook Edition provides a quick, clear understanding of critical concepts, ramifications, and implications as it:
* Introduces the concepts, history, and classification of standards, rules, and regulations
* Discusses the federal, state, and local government's role in standards development and enforcement
* Distinguishes voluntary consensus standards, limited consensus standards, and jurisdictional versus non-jurisdictional government standards
* Covers the need for and process of exemptions to existing standards
* Examines the characteristics of a good standard, and discusses opportunities for involvement in development
* Includes case studies to demonstrate standards applications, and extensive appendices to direct further inquiry
The successful design, fabrication, and operation of any product relies on foundational understanding of pertinent standards; indeed, standards and guidelines form a central pillar of the engineering profession. This helpful resource goes beyond a list of rules to help students and practitioners gain a better understanding of the creation, import, and use of standards.

Preface xiii
 
Acknowledgments xv
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Background 1
 
1.2 Procedures and Rules 5
 
1.3 Standards 6
 
1.3.1 History and Purpose of Standards 6
 
1.3.2 A Few Examples of Standards throughout the Ages 6
 
1.3.3 Classification 8
 
1.3.4 Limited Consensus Standards 9
 
1.3.5 Voluntary Consensus Standards (VCS) 9
 
1.3.6 Governmental Standards 10
 
1.4 Applicability of Standards 11
 
1.4.1 Permissible Materials of Construction, Performance Criteria, and Material Data 13
 
1.4.2 Safe Design Rules 13
 
1.4.3 Construction Details 14
 
1.4.4 Available Methodologies for Inspection and Testing 14
 
1.4.5 Safe Operating Parameters 14
 
1.4.6 Conformity Assessment 14
 
1.5 Summary 15
 
2 Role of Governments in Standards 17
 
2.1 Overview 17
 
2.2 History 19
 
2.3 Aspects of Governmental Involvement with Standards 19
 
2.4 General Policies 20
 
2.5 National versus State, Provincial, or Local Standards Involvement 20
 
2.6 The US Government and Standards 21
 
2.7 US Government OMB Circular A119 21
 
2.8 National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act 23
 
2.9 National Science and Technology Council 24
 
2.10 Other US Government Actions 24
 
2.11 How the Government Uses Standards 24
 
2.12 US Government as a Participant in VCS Activities 25
 
2.13 State and Local Standards Use 26
 
2.14 Other Countries 26
 
2.15 Summary 27
 
2.16 Case Studies 27
 
3 Voluntary Consensus Standards and Codes 29
 
3.1 Purpose of Standards 30
 
3.1.1 Standards for Safety and Reliability 30
 
3.1.2 Standards to Reduce Cost 32
 
3.1.3 Standards for Increased Flexibility 33
 
3.1.4 Standards for Promotion of Business 34
 
3.1.5 Standards to Help Society to Function 35
 
3.1.6 Consistency 36
 
3.2 Voluntary Consensus Standards 36
 
3.3 American National Standard Institute (ANSI) 36
 
3.4 Codes 38
 
3.4.1 National Codes 38
 
3.4.2 International Codes 38
 
3.5 Some ANSI Accredited Organizations 38
 
3.5.1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 39
 
3.5.2 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 42
 
3.5.3 American Petroleum Institute (API) 43
 
3.5.4 UL (Formerly Underwriters Laboratory) 43
 
3.5.5 National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors (NBBI) 43
 
3.5.6 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 44
 
3.5.7 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 44
 
4 Limited Consensus Standards 45
 
4.1 Types of Standards 45
 
4.2 Proprietary versus Nonproprietary Standards 47
 
4.2.1 Proprietary Standards 47
 
4.2.2 Nonproprietary Standards 48
 
4.3 Governmental and Jurisdictional Limited Consensus Standards 48
 
4.3.1 NASA 48
 
4.3.2 Army Corp of Engineers 49
 
4.3.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 49
 
4.3.4 National Science Foundation (NSF) 49
 
4.3.5 US Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Forest Service 49
 
4.3.6 United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 50
 
4.3.7 Municipalities 50
 
4.4 Case Studies 50
 
5 Jurisdictional Standards 51
 
5.1 Regulations and Jurisdictional Requirements 51
 
5.2 Jurisdictional Standards Implementation 56
 
5.3 Incorporation by Reference 56
 
5.3.1 Access to Reference Standards 57
 
5.3.2 Updating of Reference Standard

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