Small Unmanned Fixed-Wing Aircraft Design

Andrew J. Keane is a Professor of Computational Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He is the Director of the Rolls-Royce University Technology Center for Computational Engineering at the University and is a fellow of the RINA, IMechE and the Royal Academy of Engineering.
 
András Sóbester is a Senior Lecturer of Aeronautical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. His main research focus is on developing techniques for the aerodynamic optimization of aircraft.
 
James P. Scanlan is a Professor of Design in the Faculty of Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. He spent more than 10 years working in the aerospace industry and now manages a number of research programmes sponsored by BAE systems, Airbus, Rolls-Royce and the EPSRC. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

Small Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design is the essential guide to designing, building and testing fixed wing UAVs (or drones). It deals with aircraft from two to 150 kg in weight and is based on the first-hand experiences of the world renowned UAV team at the UK's University of Southampton.
 
The book covers both the practical aspects of designing, manufacturing and flight testing and outlines and the essential calculations needed to underpin successful designs. It describes the entire process of UAV design from requirements definition to configuration layout and sizing, through preliminary design and analysis using simple panel codes and spreadsheets to full CFD and FEA models and on to detailed design with parametric CAD tools. Its focus is on modest cost approaches that draw heavily on the latest digital design and manufacturing methods, including a strong emphasis on utilizing off-the-shelf components, low cost analysis, automated geometry modelling and 3D printing.
 
It deliberately avoids a deep theoretical coverage of aerodynamics or structural mechanics; rather it provides a design team with sufficient insights and guidance to get the essentials undertaken more pragmatically. The book contains many all-colour illustrations of the dozens of aircraft built by the authors and their students over the last ten years giving much detailed information on what works best. It is predominantly aimed at under-graduate and MSc level student design and build projects, but will be of interest to anyone engaged in the practical problems of getting quite complex unmanned aircraft flying. It should also appeal to the more sophisticated aero-modeller and those engaged on research based around fixed wing UAVs.

List of Figures xvii
 
List of Tables xxxiii
 
Foreword xxxv
 
Series Preface xxxvii
 
Preface xxxix
 
Acknowledgments xli
 
PART I INTRODUCING FIXED-WING UAVS
 
1 Preliminaries 3
 
1.1 Externally Sourced Components 4
 
1.2 Manufacturing Methods 5
 
1.3 Project DECODE 6
 
1.4 The Stages of Design 6
 
1.4.1 Concept Design 8
 
1.4.2 Preliminary Design 10
 
1.4.3 Detail Design 11
 
1.4.4 Manufacturing Design 12
 
1.4.5 In-service Design and Decommissioning 13
 
1.5 Summary 13
 
2 Unmanned Air Vehicles 15
 
2.1 A Brief Taxonomy of UAVs 15
 
2.2 The Morphology of a UAV 19
 
2.2.1 Lifting Surfaces 21
 
2.2.2 Control Surfaces 22
 
2.2.3 Fuselage and Internal Structure 23
 
2.2.4 Propulsion Systems 24
 
2.2.5 Fuel Tanks 24
 
2.2.6 Control Systems 24
 
2.2.7 Payloads 27
 
2.2.8 Take-off and Landing Gear 27
 
2.3 Main Design Drivers 29
 
PART II THE AIRCRAFT IN MORE DETAIL
 
3 Wings 33
 
3.1 Simple Wing Theory and Aerodynamic Shape 33
 
3.2 Spars 37
 
3.3 Covers 37
 
3.4 Ribs 38
 
3.5 Fuselage Attachments 38
 
3.6 Ailerons/Roll Control 40
 
3.7 Flaps 41
 
3.8 Wing Tips 42
 
3.9 Wing-housed Retractable Undercarriage 42
 
3.10 Integral Fuel Tanks 44
 
4 Fuselages and Tails (Empennage) 45
 
4.1 Main Fuselage/Nacelle Structure 45
 
4.2 Wing Attachment 47
 
4.3 Engine and Motor Mountings 48
 
4.4 Avionics Trays 50
 
4.5 Payloads - Camera Mountings 51
 
4.6 Integral Fuel Tanks 52
 
4.7 Assembly Mechanisms and Access Hatches 54
 
4.8 Undercarriage Attachment 55
 
4.9 Tails (Empennage) 57
 
5 Propulsion 59
 
5.1 Liquid-Fueled IC Engines 59
 
5.1.1 Glow-plug IC Engines 62
 
5.1.2 Spark Ignition Gasoline IC Engines 62
 
5.1.3 IC Engine Testing 65
 
5.2 Rare-earth Brushless Electric Motors 66
 
5.3 Propellers 68
 
5.4 Engine/Motor Control 70
 
5.5 Fuel Systems 70
 
5.6 Batteries and Generators 71
 
6 Airframe Avionics and Systems 73
 
6.1 Primary Control Transmitter and Receivers 73
 
6.2 Avionics Power Supplies 76
 
6.3 Servos 78
 
6.4 Wiring, Buses, and Boards 82
 
6.5 Autopilots 86
 
6.6 Payload Communications Systems 87
 
6.7 Ancillaries 88
 
6.8 Resilience and Redundancy 90
 
7 Undercarriages 93
 
7.1 Wheels 93
 
7.2 Suspension 95
 
7.3 Steering 95
 
7.4 Retractable Systems 97
 
PART III DESIGNING UAVS
 
8 The Process of Design 101
 
8.1 Goals and Constraints 101
 
8.2 Airworthiness 103
 
8.3 Likely Failure Modes 104
 
8.3.1 Aerodynamic and Stability Failure 105
 
8.3.2 Structural Failure 106
 
8.3.3 Engine/Motor Failure 107
 
8.3.4 Control System Failure 107
 
8.4 Systems Engineering 110
 
8.4.1 Work-breakdown Structure 110
 
8.4.2 Interface Definitions 112
 
8.4.3 Allocation of Responsibility 112
 
8.4.4 Requirements Flowdown 112
 
8.4.5 Compliance Testing 113
 
8.4.6 Cost and Weight Management 114
 
8.4.7 Design "Checklist" 117
 
9 Tool Selection 119
 
9.1 Geometry/CAD Codes 120
 
9.2 Concept Design 123
 
9.3 Operational Simulation and Mission Planning 125
 
9.4 Aerodynamic and Structural Anal

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