Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition

The Editors
 
Andrea J. Fascetti, VMD, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM & Nutrition), is a Professor of Nutrition at the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of California, Davis, in Davis, California, USA.
 
Sean J. Delaney, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Nutrition), is the Founder at Balance It(r), a DBA of Davis Veterinary Medical Consulting, Inc. in Davis, California, USA.
 
Jennifer A. Larsen, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition), is a Professor of Clinical Nutrition at the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis in Davis, California, USA.
 
Cecilia Villaverde, BVSc, PhD, DACVIM (Nutrition), DECVCN, is a small animal nutrition consultant at Expert Pet Nutrition and VIN (Veterinary Information Network).

Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition
 
Well-referenced clinical resource for canine and feline nutrition, with expansions throughout and two new chapters covering birds and small mammals.
 
Fully revised to reflect new advances and information throughout, the Second Edition of Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition presents current, authoritative information on all aspects of small companion animal nutrition. The book provides clinically oriented solutions for integrating nutrition into clinical practice, with introductory chapters covering the foundation and science behind the recommendations and extensive references for further reading in every chapter.
 
With contributions from more than 25 leading veterinary nutritionists, Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition covers topics such as:
* Integration of nutrition into clinical practice, basic nutrition, energy requirements, and pet food regulations in North America and Europe that also apply to many other regions
* Using and reviewing pet food labels and product guides, feeding the healthy dog and cat, and abridged clinical nutrition topics for companion avian species & small mammals
* Commercial and home-prepared diets, and nutritional management of body weight and orthopedic, skin, and gastrointestinal diseases
* Nutritional management of exocrine, hepatobiliary, kidney, lower urinary tract, endocrine, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases as well as enteral and parenteral nutrition
 
A valuable resource on the principles of small animal nutrition and feeding practices in health or disease, Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition is a widely trusted and practical daily reference for veterinary practitioners including specialists, residents, and students seeking expert information on feeding their canine, feline, avian, and small mammalian patients.

List of Contributors xx
 
Preface xxiii
 
Acknowledgments xxiv
 
1 Integration of Nutrition into Clinical Practice 1
Sean J. Delaney, Andrea J. Fascetti, Jennifer A. Larsen, and Paul Brentson
 
Introduction 1
 
Average Revenue from Food Sales and the Potential 1
 
Strategies to Increase Product Sales 2
 
Recommending an Effective Therapeutic Food 2
 
Establishing Expectations 2
 
Performing a Nutritional Assessment 3
 
Monitoring Patient Response 3
 
Providing a Variety of Options 3
 
Recommending Therapeutic Treats 4
 
Recommending Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements 4
 
Creating or Increasing Revenue from Nutritional Advice 4
 
Nutritional Advice for Healthy Patients 5
 
Nutritional Advice for Unhealthy Patients 7
 
References 7
 
2 Basic Nutrition Overview 8
Sean J. Delaney and Andrea J. Fascetti
 
Energy 8
 
Energy Requirements 9
 
Essential Nutrients 9
 
Protein and Amino Acids 10
 
Fat 12
 
Carbohydrates 13
 
Minerals 13
 
Macrominerals 13
 
Trace Minerals (Microminerals) 14
 
Vitamins 14
 
Water Soluble 14
 
Fat Soluble 14
 
Storage Pools for Essential Nutrients 15
 
Essential Nutrient Deficiency Signs and Clinically Available or Relevant Methods of Assessing Nutrient Status 15
 
Protein 16
 
Amino Acids 16
 
Arginine 16
 
Histidine 16
 
Isoleucine 16
 
Leucine 16
 
Lysine 16
 
Methionine (Spared by Cystine) 16
 
Phenylalanine (Spared by Tyrosine) 17
 
Threonine 17
 
Tryptophan 17
 
Valine 17
 
Taurine 17
 
Fat 17
 
Linoleic Acid 17
 
Arachidonic Acid (Cat, Not Dog) 18
 
Minerals 18
 
Macrominerals (Typically Required at 100 mg/Mcal) 18
 
Calcium 18
 
Phosphorus 18
 
Magnesium 18
 
Sodium 18
 
Potassium 18
 
Chloride 19
 
Microminerals (Typically Required at
 
Iron 19
 
Copper 19
 
Zinc 19
 
Manganese 19
 
Selenium 19
 
Iodine 19
 
Vitamins 20
 
Fat-Soluble Vitamins 20
 
Vitamin A 20
 
Vitamin d 20
 
Vitamin E 20
 
Vitamin K 20
 
Water-Soluble Vitamins 20
 
Thiamin, Vitamin B 1 20
 
Riboflavin, Vitamin B 2 21
 
Pyridoxine, Vitamin B 6 21
 
Niacin, Vitamin B 3 21
 
Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B 5 21
 
Cobalamin, Vitamin B 12 21
 
Folic Acid, Vitamin B 9 22
 
Biotin, Vitamin H or B 7 22
 
Choline 22
 
Diagnostic and Food Analysis Laboratories and Diet Computer Analysis 25
 
Nutrient Requirements 25
 
Key Clinical Nutritional Excesses and Signs 26
 
Additional Education on Nutrition 27
 
References 27
 
3 Determining Energy Requirements 29
Jon J. Ramsey
 
Units 29
 
Basic Concepts and Terminology 30
 
Diet Records or History 32
 
Calculating the Energy Content of a Diet 33
 
Practical Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Dog and Cat Foods 37
 
Calculating Energy Requirement from Body Weight 39
 
Methods of Determining Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements 39
 
Methods of Calculating Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements 42
 
Energy Requirements for Maintenance 42
 
Example Calculation 47
 
Example Calculation 48
 
Example Calculation