The Greening of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Theories and Solutions

M. R. Islam, PhD, is a world-wide consultant on environment and energy-related issues. Dr. Islam is known as the most published engineer in the world. He is credited to have coined terms, such as "green petroleum" and "sustainable petroleum development" at a time when "sustainable petroleum" was considered to be an oxymoron. Dr. Islam's most notable contributions are in the areas of sustainability, environmental integrity, and knowledge modeling, on which topic he has written dozens of books and over 700 research papers.

This is the second volume in a four-volume series aimed at guiding the pharmaceutical industry toward sustainability. After analyzing and exposing some of the backward and ill-conceived notions that guide the present state of the industry, this volume presents key theories and new, groundbreaking solutions for re-thinking the processes involved in the engineering of pharmaceuticals and offers a fundamental paradigm shift.
 
The 4 volumes in this ambitious project are:
 
* Volume 1: Practice, Analysis, and Methodology
 
* Volume 2: Theories and Solutions
 
* Volume 3: Applications for Mental Disorder Treatments
 
* Volume 4: Applications for Physical Disorder Treatments
 
This ground-breaking set of books is a unique and state-of-the-art study that only appears here, within these pages. A fascinating study for the engineer, scientist, and pharmacist working in the pharmaceutical industry and interested in sustainability, it is also a valuable textbook for students and faculty studying these subjects.

Preface ix
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Opening Statement 1
 
1.2 The Way Out: How Do We Make Use of Existing Knowledge? 1
 
1.3 The Driver of The Knowledge Model 3
 
1.4 The Proof of The Pudding is in The Eating! 7
 
1.5 The Proof is in The Pudding 8
 
1.6 Summary of Introduction 9
 
2 Nature-Science Approach: Some Further Consequences 11
 
2.1 Cognitive Dissonance 11
 
2.1.1 Summary Remarks about Theories that Disconnect Conscience from Humanity 11
 
2.2 Foods for Thought 12
 
2.2.1 Artificial Food Addiction 12
 
2.2.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies 13
 
2.3 Example from CCD Analysis 17
 
2.4 A New Approach to Product Characterization 22
 
2.5 A New Paradigm 25
 
2.5.1 Violation of Characteristic Time 25
 
2.5.2 Observation of Nature: Importance of Intangibles 25
 
2.5.3 Analogy of Physical Phenomena 28
 
2.5.4 Intangible Cause to Tangible Consequence 28
 
2.5.5 Removable Discontinuities: Phases and Renewability of Materials 30
 
2.5.6 Redefining Force and Energy 37
 
2.5.6.1 Force 37
 
2.5.6.2 Energy 38
 
2.6 What is a Natural Energy Source? 42
 
2.7 The Science of Water and Oil 47
 
2.7.1 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 50
 
2.7.2 Combustion and Oxidation 65
 
2.7.3 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy 67
 
2.8 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass 72
 
2.9 Avalanche Theory of Mass and Energy 98
 
2.10 Aims of Modeling Natural Phenomena 106
 
2.11 Simultaneous Characterization of Matter and Energy 108
 
2.12 Implications 110
 
2.13 Consequences of Nature-Science for Classical Set Theory and Conventional Notions of Mensuration 114
 
2.14 Conclusions 116
 
2.14.1 Need for a Change 116
 
2.14.2 The Nature Science Approach 117
 
3 A Knowledge-Based Cognition Model 119
 
3.1 Abstract 119
 
3.2 Introduction 120
 
3.3 The Current Cognitive Model 125
 
3.3.1 Policy-Making and The Aphenomenal Model 126
 
3.3.2 The Aphenomenal Model in 'Science' 132
 
3.3.2.1 Example 1: Aphenomenal Time Function 134
 
3.3.3 Fear and Perception 148
 
3.4 What is Human Thought Material (HTM)? 151
 
3.5 Knowledge through Experience or Delinearized History? 154
 
3.6 HTM from The Standpoint of Nature-Science 156
 
3.6.1 Cognition with Conscious and Conscientious Participation 156
 
3.7 The Basic Quantum of HTM 157
 
3.8 Freedom of Intention 169
 
3.8.1 The Knowledge-Based Cognition Process 171
 
3.9 Conclusions 177
 
4 Implications of a Comprehensive Material Balance Equation for Detecting Causes of Medical Disorders 179
 
4.1 Summary 179
 
4.2 Introduction 180
 
4.3 Paradox and New Science 183
 
4.3.1 Obesity Paradox 184
 
4.3.2 Obesity/Mortality Paradox 184
 
4.3.3 Simpson's Paradox 184
 
4.3.4 Low Birth Weight Paradox 187
 
4.3.5 Prevention Paradox 188
 
4.3.6 The Novelty Paradox 189
 
4.3.7 The Paradox of Worsening Conditions With Medications 190
 
4.3.8 The Prostate Paradox 192
 
4.3.9 The Health-Lifespan Paradox 192
 
4.3.10 Smoker's Paradox 193
 
4.3.11 Paradox of The Natural 193
 
4.3.12 The French Paradox 194
 
4.3.13 Paradox of Aging 194
 
4.3.14 Paradox of Translational Medicine 194
 
4.3.15 Peto's Paradox 195
 
4.3.16 TGF-ß Paradox 195
 
4.3.17 Hispanic Paradox 195
 
4.4 Origin of Paradox: Implication of Probability

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