Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis

Vincent J. Desiderio is the Hazardous Materials Program Specialist for the United States Postal Inspection Service-Security Group, Washington, D.C.
 
Chris E. Taylor is a Forensic Chemist at the Defense Forensic Science Center-US Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory in Forest Park, Georgia.
 
Niamh Nic Daéid, PhD, is Professor of Forensic Science and Director of the Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Scotland.

Covers new trace evidence techniques and expanding areas of analysis, along with key theory and applications
 
Developed around the need for updated information in the disciplines of trace evidence the Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis focuses on the increasing awareness and need for validation, modern methods for addressing and controlling contamination, the shift towards incorporating statistical analyses into the interpretation phase and cutting edge research into new forensic science methods and their application.
 
Beginning with an overview of the topic and discussing the important role that information derived from trace materials can provide during investigations, the book then presents chapters on key techniques. The first being the critical nature of microscopy, and the methods employed for the recognition, collection, and preservation of trace evidence. Subsequent chapters review the core disciplines of trace evidence examination: paints and polymers, hairs, fibers and textiles and glass. Each chapter contains in-depth discussions on the origin of the materials involved, including any natural or synthetic processes involved in their production, the nuances involved in their detection, and the methods of analysis that are used to extract valuable information from samples. In addition, suggested workflows in method and testing selections, as well as addressing specific scientific challenges as well as the limitations of knowledge on the transfer, persistence and background abundance of trace materials are discussed. The book ends by examining the interpretation of trace evidence findings from a historical perspective and examining the methods that are currently being developed.
* Provides an in-depth introduction to the general area of trace evidence and discusses current and new techniques
* Consolidates trace evidence and materials categories of testing into one reference series
* Offers a detailed focus on technical approaches and guidelines to trace evidence
* Includes analytical schemes/workflows and valuable guides for the interpretation of data and results
 
The Handbook of Trace Evidence will appeal to forensic science academics, students, and practitioners in the trace evidence and materials science disciplines, as well as DNA analysts, toxicologists, forensic anthropologists, crime laboratory managers, criminal justice students and practitioners, and legal professionals. It would also be a valuable resource for every crime laboratory reference library.

List of Contributors xv
 
Preface xvii
 
1 Trace Evidence Recognition, Collection, and Preservation 1
Ted R. Schwartz, Daniel S. Rothenberg, and Brandi L. Clark
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.2 Theories of Transfer and Persistence 1
 
1.2.1 Locard's Exchange Principle 1
 
1.2.2 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc. Transfers 2
 
1.2.3 Non-contact Transfers 4
 
1.2.4 Patterns Due to Contact 4
 
1.2.5 Factors Affecting the Likelihood of a Transfer 5
 
1.2.6 Factors Affecting Persistence 5
 
1.3 Proper Evidence Handling Practices 6
 
1.3.1 Proper Clothing to Wear and Why 7
 
1.3.2 Other Techniques to Avoid Contamination and Loss 7
 
1.4 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Trace Evidence at the Crime Scene 8
 
1.4.1 Searching for Relevant Trace Evidence 9
 
1.4.1.1 Visible Trace Evidence 9
 
1.4.1.2 Invisible Trace Evidence 9
 
1.4.2 Documentation 9
 
1.4.3 Collection 10
 
1.4.3.1 Collecting the Entire Item Containing Potential Trace Evidence 11
 
1.4.3.2 Picking with a Gloved Hand or Tweezers 13
 
1.4.3.3 Collecting Invisible Trace Evidence 14
 
1.4.3.4 Tape Lifting 14
 
1.4.3.5 Vacuum Sweeping 15
 
1.4.3.6 Tape Lifting vs. Vacuum Sweeping: Which Method to Use? 16
 
1.4.3.7 Other Techniques 16
 
1.4.4 Taking Known Exemplars and Alibi Samples 17
 
1.4.5 Collection of Trace Evidence from a Body 18
 
1.4.6 Preserving Evidence and Maintaining the Chain of Custody 19
 
Checklist: Crime Scene Procedures 19
 
Components of a Crime Scene Kit for Trace Evidence Collection 20
 
1.5 Recognition, Collection, and Preservation of Trace Evidence in the Laboratory 21
 
1.5.1 Workspace Preparation 21
 
Checklist: Preparation of Examination Area in the Laboratory 21
 
1.5.2 Evidence Examination Considerations 22
 
1.5.3 Initial Examination Considerations 22
 
A Note Regarding Evidence Handling and Potential DNA Contamination 22
 
1.5.4 Evidence Description 23
 
1.5.5 Macroscopic Evidence Examination 23
 
1.5.6 Stereomicroscopic Examination 23
 
1.5.7 Additional Documentation 24
 
1.5.8 The Collection of Trace Evidence from Items in the Laboratory 25
 
1.5.9 Collection Techniques 25
 
1.5.9.1 Picking off Observed Trace Evidence 25
 
1.5.9.2 Shaking/Scraping 26
 
1.5.9.3 Tape Lifting 27
 
1.5.9.4 Vacuum Sweeping 27
 
1.5.9.5 Combinations of the Above Methods 28
 
1.5.10 Taking Known Exemplar Samples 28
 
Checklist: Evidence Examination in the Laboratory 28
 
1.6 Summary 29
 
Acknowledgments 29
 
References 29
 
Further Reading 30
 
2 Polarized Light Microscopy for the Trace Evidence Examiner 32
Andrew M. Bowen
 
2.1 Introduction 33
 
2.2 The Nature of Light 34
 
2.2.1 Reflection 35
 
2.2.2 Refraction 36
 
2.2.3 Dispersion 40
 
2.2.4 Temperature Coefficient of Refractive Index 41
 
2.2.5 Absorption of Light 41
 
2.2.6 Other Interactions Between Light and Matter 41
 
2.3 Light Microscopy 42
 
2.3.1 Image Formation in a Compound Light Microscope 42
 
2.3.2 Numerical Aperture and Resolution 45
 
2.4 Introduction to Crystallography 55
 
2.4.1 Symmetry 55
 
2.4.2 Crystal Point Groups 57
 
2.4.3 Six Crystal Systems 58
 
2.4.3.1 Cubic (Isometric) System 58
 
2.4.3.2 Tetragonal System 60
 
2.4.3.3 Hexagonal System 60
 
2.4.3.4 Orthorhombic System 62
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