Microgrids

Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balanced cells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone power networks within small communities. A definitive presentation on all aspects of microgrids, this text examines the operation of microgrids their control concepts and advanced architectures including multi-microgrids. It takes a logical approach to overview the purpose and the technical aspects of microgrids, discussing the social, economic and environmental benefits to power system operation. The book also presents microgrid design and control issues, including protection and explaining how to implement centralized and decentralized control strategies. Key features: original, state-of-the-art research material written by internationally respected contributors unique case studies demonstrating success stories from real-world pilot sites from Europe, the Americas, Japan and China examines market and regulatory settings for microgrids, and provides evaluation results under standard test conditions a look to the future technical solutions to maximize the value of distributed energy along with the principles and criteria for developing commercial and regulatory frameworks for microgrids Offering broad yet balanced coverage, this volume is an entry point to this very topical area of power delivery for electric power engineers familiar with medium and low voltage distribution systems, utility operators in microgrids, power systems researchers and academics. It is also a useful reference for system planners and operators, manufacturers and network operators, government regulators, and postgraduate power systems students. CONTRIBUTORS Thomas Degner Aris Dimeas Alfred Engler Nuno Gil Asier Gil de Muro Guillermo Jim nez-Est vez George Kariniotakis George Korres Andr Madureira Meiqin Mao Chris Marnay Jose Miguel Yarza Satoshi Morozumi Alexander Oudalov Frank van Overbeeke Rodrigo Palma Behnke Joao Abel Pecas Lopes Fernanda Resende John Romankiewicz Christine Schwaegerl Nikos Soultanis Liang Tao Antonis Tsikalakis

Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric powerindustry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balancedcells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone powernetworks within small communities.A definitive presentation on all aspects of microgrids, thistext examines the operation of microgrids - their controlconcepts and advanced architectures including multi-microgrids. Ittakes a logical approach to overview the purpose and the technicalaspects of microgrids, discussing the social, economic andenvironmental benefits to power system operation. The book alsopresents microgrid design and control issues, including protectionand explaining how to implement centralized and decentralizedcontrol strategies.Key features:* original, state-of-the-art research material written byinternationally respected contributors* unique case studies demonstrating success stories fromreal-world pilot sites from Europe, the Americas, Japan andChina* examines market and regulatory settings for microgrids, andprovides evaluation results under standard test conditions* a look to the future - technical solutions to maximizethe value of distributed energy along with the principles andcriteria for developing commercial and regulatory frameworks formicrogridsOffering broad yet balanced coverage, this volume is an entrypoint to this very topical area of power delivery for electricpower engineers familiar with medium and low voltage distributionsystems, utility operators in microgrids, power systems researchersand academics. It is also a useful reference for system plannersand operators, manufacturers and network operators, governmentregulators, and postgraduate power systems students.CONTRIBUTORSThomas DegnerAris DimeasAlfred EnglerNuno GilAsier Gil de MuroGuillermo Jiménez-EstévezGeorge KariniotakisGeorge KorresAndré MadureiraMeiqin MaoChris MarnayJose Miguel YarzaSatoshi MorozumiAlexander OudalovFrank van OverbeekeRodrigo Palma BehnkeJoao Abel Pecas LopesFernanda ResendeJohn RomankiewiczChristine SchwaegerlNikos SoultanisLiang TaoAntonis Tsikalakis

Foreword xiiiPreface xvList of Contributors xix1 The Microgrids Concept 1Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao1.1 Introduction 11.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation 31.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept 41.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids 81.5 Market Models for Microgrids 121.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications 222 Microgrids Control Issues 25Aris Dimeas, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis and George Korres2.1 Introduction 252.2 Control Functions 252.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology 272.4 Microgrid Control Architecture 282.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control 322.6 Forecasting 352.7 Centralized Control 402.8 Decentralized Control 512.9 State Estimation 722.10 Conclusions 763 Intelligent Local Controllers 81Thomas Degner, Nikos Soultani, Alfred Engler and Asier Gil de Muro3.1 Introduction 813.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids 823.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts 923.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability 983.6 Conclusions 1154 Microgrid Protection 117Alexander Oudalov, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke and Jose Miguel Yarza4.1 Introduction 1174.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection 1184.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids 1254.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation 1464.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids 1514.6 Conclusions 1545 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 165Joao Abel PeScas Lopes, Andre Madureira, Nuno Gil and Fernanda Resende5.1 Introduction 1655.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture 1675.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support 1695.4 Coordinated Frequency Control 1785.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start) 1865.6 Dynamic Equivalents 1925.7 Conclusions 2026 Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons 206George Kariniotakis, Aris Dimeas and Frank Van Overbeeke (Sections 6.1, 6.2)6.1 Introduction 2066.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe 2066.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA 231John Romankiewicz, Chris Marnay (Section 6.3)6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects 249Satoshi Morozumi (Section 6.4)6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China 262Meiqin Mao (Section 6.5)6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile 270Rodrigo Palma Behnke and Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez (Section 6.6)7 Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation 275Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits 2757.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study 2787.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions 2857.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies 2967.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy 3037.6 Extension to European Scale 3077.7 Conclusions 310References 313Index 315