Biotribology

Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and encompasses the study of friction, wear and lubrication. By extension biotribology is usually defined as the tribological phenomena occurring in either the human body or in animals. Therefore, it is possible to consider tribological processes that may occur after implantation of an artificial device in the human body and the tribological processes naturally occurring in or on the tissues and organ of animals. Animals, including humans, possess a wide variety of sliding and frictional interfaces. The authors aim to provide some advances in research in biotribology. They cover several aspects of biotribology such as tribology of synovial joints and artificial replacements; wear of screws and plates in bone fractures repair; wear of denture and restorative materials; friction of the skin and comfort of clothing; wear of replacement heart valves; tribology of contact lenses and ocular tribology; biotribology on the microscale and nanoscale levels, etc. This book can be used as a research text for final undergraduate engineering courses (for example, materials, biomedical, etc.) or for those studying the subject of biotribology at the postgraduate level. It can also serve as a useful reference for academics, biomechanical researchers, biologists, chemists, physicists, biomedicals and materials engineers, and other professionals in related engineering, medicine and biomedical industries.

Tribology is the "science and technology of interactingsurfaces in relative motion" and encompasses the study offriction, wear and lubrication. By extension biotribology isusually defined as the tribological phenomena occurring in eitherthe human body or in animals. Therefore, it is possible to considertribological processes that may occur after implantation of anartificial device in the human body and the tribological processesnaturally occurring in or on the tissues and organ of animals.Animals, including humans, possess a wide variety of sliding andfrictional interfaces.The authors aim to provide some advances in research inbiotribology. They cover several aspects of biotribology such astribology of synovial joints and artificial replacements; wear ofscrews and plates in bone fractures repair; wear of denture andrestorative materials; friction of the skin and comfort ofclothing; wear of replacement heart valves; tribology of contactlenses and ocular tribology; biotribology on the microscale andnanoscale levels, etc.This book can be used as a research text for final undergraduateengineering courses (for example, materials, biomedical, etc.) orfor those studying the subject of biotribology at the postgraduatelevel. It can also serve as a useful reference for academicsbiomechanical researchers, biologists, chemists, physicistsbiomedicals and materials engineers, and other professionals inrelated engineering, medicine and biomedical industries.

Chapter 1. Biotribology of Total Hip Replacement: theMetal-on-Metal Articulation 1J. Philippe KRETZER1.1. Introduction 11.2. Historical development of metal-on-metal bearings in totalhip replacements 31.3. Design and materials 41.3.1. Implant geometry 41.3.2. Manufacturing methods and metallurgy 51.4. Tribology of metal-on-metal bearings in total hipreplacement 101.4.1. Wear and types of friction 101.4.2. EHL theory of lubrication 121.4.3. Friction in physiological joints 171.4.4. Friction in artificial joints 171.5. Wear testing 181.5.1. Simulation in hip simulators 181.5.2. Wear determination 211.5.3. Wear properties 231.5.4. Results of wear tests 241.5.5. Summary of results from simulator studies 301.5.6. Wear mode 311.6. Clinical relevance of metal wear particles and metal ions331.7. Conclusion 351.8. Acknowledgments 361.9. Bibliography 36Chapter 2. Experimental Wear Studies of Total Joint Replacements51Claire BROCKETT and John FISHER2.1. Introduction 512.2. Methods for assessing tribology in total joint replacement522.2.1. Lubrication 532.2.2. Friction 542.2.3. Wear 572.3. Effects of material and design on the tribology of totaljoint replacements 622.3.1. Total hip and resurfacing replacements 622.3.2. Total knee replacement 732.4. Conclusion 782.5. Bibliography 79Chapter 3. Influence of Temperature on Creep and Deformationin UHMWPE under Tribological Loading in Artificial Joints87Mathias Christian GALETZ and Uwe GLATZEL3.1. Temperature in artificial joints 873.1.1. Artificial knee joints 873.1.2. Why does temperature affect the performance of artificialjoints? 893.1.3. Mathematical approaches to estimate the contacttemperature during friction 913.1.4. Temperature rise during cyclic tribological sliding953.2. Temperature influence on creep and fatigue mechanisms ofUHMWPE under tribological loading 1023.2.1. Temperature dependence of the yield strength of UHMWPE1023.2.2. Temperature dependence of the creep strength of UHMWPE1073.2.3. Temperature-dependent deformation under tribologicalloads 1093.2.4. Wear and deformation mechanisms of ultra-high molecularweight polyethylene 1133.3. Deformation behavior of polyethylene on the molecular scale1153.3.1. Deformation mechanisms in polyethylene 1153.3.2. Tribologically-induced molecular changes 1193.4. Importance for artificial knee joints 1273.5. Acknowledgments 1313.6. Bibliography 132Chapter 4. Large Capacity Wear Testing 143Vesa SAIKKO4.1. Introduction 1434.2. Categories of test devices 1444.3. CTPOD principle 1444.4. SuperCTPOD test procedure 1474.5. SuperCTPOD validation 1494.6. Further SuperCTPOD studies 1504.7. Summary 1514.8. Concluding remarks 1534.9. Acknowledgments 1534.10. Bibliography 154Chapter 5. Biotribology of Titanium Alloys 157Yong LUO5.1. Introduction 1575.1.1. History of titanium alloys 1575.1.2. The properties of titanium alloys 1585.1.3. The application of titanium alloys 1595.2. Surface modification of titanium alloys 1615.2.1. Ion implantation 1615.2.2. Carburization 1665.3. Biotribological properties of titanium alloys 1755.3.1. Fretting wear 1755.3.2. Sliding wear 1845.3.3. Artificial joint simulation 1905.4. Acknowledgments 1955.5. Bibliography 195List of Authors 199Index 201