Introduction to Surface Engineering and Functionally Engineered Materials

This book provides a clear and understandable text for users and developers of advanced engineered materials, particularly in the area of thin films, and addresses fundamentals of modifying the optical, electrical, photo-electric, triboligical, and corrosion resistance of solid surfaces and adding functionality to solids by engineering their surface, structure, and electronic, magnetic and optical structure. Thin film applications are emphasized. Through the inclusion of multiple clear examples of the technologies, how to use them,and the synthesis processes involved, the reader will gain a deep understanding of the purpose, goals, and methodology of surface engineering and engineered materials. Virtually every advance in thin film, energy, medical, tribological materials technologies has resulted from surface engineering and engineered materials. Surface engineering involves structures and compositions not found naturally in solids and is used to modify the surface properties of solids and involves application of thin film coatings, surface functionalization and activation, and plasma treatment. Engineered materials are the future of thin film technology. Engineered structures such as superlattices, nanolaminates, nanotubes, nanocomposites, smart materials, photonic bandgap materials, metamaterials, molecularly doped polymers and structured materials all have the capacity to expand and increase the functionality of thin films and coatings used in a variety of applications and provide new applications. New advanced deposition processes and hybrid processes are being used and developed to deposit advanced thin film materials and structures not possible with conventional techniques a decade ago. Properties can now be engineered into thin films that achieve performance not possible a decade ago.

This book provides a clear and understandable text for users anddevelopers of advanced engineered materials, particularly in thearea of thin films, and addresses fundamentals of modifying theoptical, electrical, photo-electric, triboligical, and corrosionresistance of solid surfaces and adding functionality to solids byengineering their surface, structure, and electronic, magnetic andoptical structure. Thin film applications are emphasized. Throughthe inclusion of multiple clear examples of the technologies, howto use them,and the synthesis processes involved, the reader willgain a deep understanding of the purpose, goals, and methodology ofsurface engineering and engineered materials.Virtually every advance in thin film, energy, medicaltribological materials technologies has resulted from surfaceengineering and engineered materials. Surface engineering involvesstructures and compositions not found naturally in solids and isused to modify the surface properties of solids and involvesapplication of thin film coatings, surface functionalization andactivation, and plasma treatment. Engineered materials are thefuture of thin film technology. Engineered structures such assuperlattices, nanolaminates, nanotubes, nanocomposites, smartmaterials, photonic bandgap materials, metamaterials, molecularlydoped polymers and structured materials all have the capacity toexpand and increase the functionality of thin films and coatingsused in a variety of applications and provide new applications. Newadvanced deposition processes and hybrid processes are being usedand developed to deposit advanced thin film materials andstructures not possible with conventional techniques a decade ago.Properties can now be engineered into thin films that achieveperformance not possible a decade ago.

1 Properties of Solid Surfaces 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Tribological Properties of Solid Surfaces 71.3 Optical Properties of Solid Surfaces 251.4 Electrical and Opto-electronic Properties of Solid Surfaces 291.5 Corrosion of Solid Surfaces342 Thin Film Deposition Processes 392.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 402.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 902.3 Pulsed Laser Deposition 1142.4 Hybrid Deposition Processes 1203 Thin Film Structures and Defects 1433.1 Thin Film Nucleation and Growth 1443.2 Structure of Thin Films 1553.3 Thin Film Structure Zone Models 1724. Thin Film Tribological Materials 1874.1 Wear Resistant Thin Film Materials 1884.2 Ultrifunctional Nanostructured, Nanolaminate and Nanocomposite Triboligical Materials 2565. Optical Thin Films and Composites 2835.1 Optical Properties at an Interface 2855.2 Single Layer Optical Coatings 2925.3 Multilayer Thin Film Optical Coatings 2965.4 Color and Chromaticity in Thin Films 3075.5 Decorative and Architectural Coatings 3306 Fabrication Processes for Electrical and Electro-Optical Thin Films 3376.1 Plasma Processing: Introduction 3386.2 Etching Processes 3476.3 Wet Chemical Etching 3596.4 Metallization 3606.5 Photolithography 3686.6 Deposition Process for Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Thin Films 3726.7 Deposition Processes for Semiconductor Thin Films 3767 Functionally Engineered Materials 3877.1 Energy Band Structure of Solids 3887.2 Low Dimensional Structures 3927.3 Energy Band Engineering 4007.4 Artificially Structured and Sculpted Micro and NanoStructures 4318.0 Multifunctional Surface Engineering Applications 4578.1 Thin Film Photovoltaics 4578.2 Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films 4628.3 Electrochromic and Thermochromic Coatings 4808.4 Thin Film Permeation barriers 4858.5 Photocatalytic Thin Films and Low Dimensional Structures 4938.6 Frequency selective surfaces 4989 Looking into the Future: Bio-Inspired Materials and Surfaces 5099.1 Functional Biomaterials 5099.2 Functional Biomaterials: Self Cleaning Biological Materials 5159.3 Functional Biomaterials: Self Healing Biological Materials 5229.4 Self Assembled and Composite Nanostructures 5219.5 Introduction to Biophotonics 5369.6 Advanced Biophotonics Applications 545Index 559