Speech and Audio Signal Processing

When Speech and Audio Signal Processing published in 1999, it stood out from its competition in its breadth of coverage and its accessible, intutiont-based style. This book was aimed at individual students and engineers excited about the broad span of audio processing and curious to understand the available techniques. Since then, with the advent of the iPod in 2001, the field of digital audio and music has exploded, leading to a much greater interest in the technical aspects of audio processing. This Second Edition will update and revise the original book to augment it with new material describing both the enabling technologies of digital music distribution (most significantly the MP3) and a range of exciting new research areas in automatic music content processing (such as automatic transcription, music similarity, etc.) that have emerged in the past five years, driven by the digital music revolution. New chapter topics include: Psychoacoustic Audio Coding, describing MP3 and related audio coding schemes based on psychoacoustic masking of quantization noise Music Transcription, including automatically deriving notes, beats, and chords from music signals. Music Information Retrieval, primarily focusing on audio-based genre classification, artist/style identification, and similarity estimation. Audio Source Separation, including multi-microphone beamforming, blind source separation, and the perception-inspired techniques usually referred to as Computational Auditory Scene Analysis (CASA).

When Speech and Audio Signal Processing published in 1999it stood out from its competition in its breadth of coverage andits accessible, intutiont-based style. This book was aimed atindividual students and engineers excited about the broad span ofaudio processing and curious to understand the availabletechniques. Since then, with the advent of the iPod in 2001the field of digital audio and music has exploded, leading to amuch greater interest in the technical aspects of audioprocessing.This Second Edition will update and revise the originalbook to augment it with new material describing both the enablingtechnologies of digital music distribution (most significantly theMP3) and a range of exciting new research areas in automatic musiccontent processing (such as automatic transcription, musicsimilarity, etc.) that have emerged in the past five years, drivenby the digital music revolution.New chapter topics include:* Psychoacoustic Audio Coding, describing MP3 and relatedaudio coding schemes based on psychoacoustic masking ofquantization noise* Music Transcription, including automatically derivingnotes, beats, and chords from music signals.* Music Information Retrieval, primarily focusing onaudio-based genre classification, artist/style identification, andsimilarity estimation.* Audio Source Separation, including multi-microphonebeamforming, blind source separation, and the perception-inspiredtechniques usually referred to as Computational Auditory SceneAnalysis (CASA).

PREFACE TO THE 2011 EDITION xxiCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1PART I HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDCHAPTER 2 SYNTHETIC A UDIO: A BRIEF HISTORY 9CHAPTER 3 SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW 21CHAPTER 4 BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION 40CHAPTER 5 SPEECH-RECOGNITION OVERVIEW 59PART II MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUNDCHAPTER 6 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 73CHAPTER 7 DIGITAL FILTERSAND DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM 87CHAPTER 8 PATTERN CLASSIFICATION 105CHAPTER 9 STATISTICAL PATTERN CLASSIFICATION 124PART III ACOUSTICSCHAPTER 10 WAVE BASICS 141CHAPTER 11 ACOUSTIC TUBE MODELING OF SPEECH PRODUCTION 152CHAPTER 12 MUSICAL INSTRUMENT ACOUSTICS 158CHAPTER 13 ROOM ACOUSTICS 179PART IV AUDITORY PERCEPTIONCHAPTER 14 EAR PHYSIOLOGY 193CHAPTER 15 PSYCHOACOUSTICS 209CHAPTER 16 MODELS OF PITCH PERCEPTION 218CHAPTER 17 SPEECH PERCEPTION 232CHAPTER 18 HUMAN SPEECH RECOGNITION 250PART V SPEECH FEATURESCHAPTER 19 THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AS A FILTER BANK 263CHAPTER 20 THE CEPSTRUM AS A SPECTRAL ANALYZER 277CHAPTER 21 LINEAR PREDICTION 286PART VI A UTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITIONCHAPTER 22 FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR ASR 301CHAPTER 23 LINGUISTIC CATEGORIES FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION 319CHAPTER 24 DETERMINISTIC SEQUENCE RECOGNITION FOR ASR 337CHAPTER 25 STATISTICAL SEQUENCE RECOGNITION 350CHAPTER 26 STATISTICAL MODEL TRAINING 364CHAPTER 27 DISCRIMINANT ACOUSTIC PROBABILITY ESTIMATION 381CHAPTER 28 ACOUSTIC MODEL TRAINING: FURTHER TOPICS 394CHAPTER 29 SPEECH RECOGNITION AND UNDERSTANDING 416PART VII SYNTHESIS AND CODINGCHAPTER 30 SPEECH SYNTHESIS 431CHAPTER 31 PITCH DETECTION 455CHAPTER 32 VOCODERS 473CHAPTER 33 LOW-RATE VOCODERS 493CHAPTER 34 MEDIUM-RATE AND HIGH-RATE VOCODERS 505CHAPTER 35 PERCEPTUAL A UDIO CODING 531PART VIII OTHER APPLICATIONSCHAPTER 36 SOME ASPECTS OF COMPUTER MUSIC SYNTHESIS 553CHAPTER 37 MUSIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS 567CHAPTER 38 MUSIC RETRIEVAL 581CHAPTER 39 SOURCE SEPARATION 59CHAPTER 40 SPEECH TRANSFORMATIONS 617CHAPTER 41 SPEAKER VERIFICATION 633CHAPTER 42 SPEAKER DIARIZATION 644