The Backbone of Europe

Represents the largest recorded dataset based on human skeletal remains from archaeological sites across the continent of Europe.

1. The European History of Health project: introduction to goals, materials, and methods Richard H. Steckel, Clark Spencer Larsen, Charlotte A. Roberts and Joerg Baten; 2. Contextual dimensions of health and lifestyle: isotopes, diet, migration, and the archaeological and historical records Rimantas Jankauskas and Gisela Grupe; 3. Measuring community health using skeletal remains: a health index for Europe Richard H. Steckel and Anna Kjellström; 4. The history of European oral health: evidence from dental caries and antemortem tooth loss Ursula Witwer-Backofen and Felix Engel; 5. Proliferative periosteal reactions: assessment of trends in Europe over the past two millennia Carina Marques, Vitor Matos and Nicholas J. Meinzer; 6. Growth disruption in children: linear enamel hypoplasias Zsolt Bereczki, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Antonia Marcsik, Nicholas Meinzer and Joerg Baten; 7. History of anemia and related nutritional deficiencies: evidence from cranial porosities Anastasia Papathanasiou, Nicholas J. Meinzer, Kimberly D. Williams and Clark Spencer Larsen; 8. Agricultural specialization, urbanization, workload and stature Nicholas Meinzer, Richard H. Steckel and Joerg Baten; 9. History of degenerative joint disease in people across Europe - bioarchaeological inferences about lifestyle and activity from osteoarthritis and vertebral osteophytosis Kimberly D. Williams, Nicholas J. Meinzer and Clark Spencer Larsen; 10. The history of violence in Europe: evidence from cranial and postcranial bone trauma Joerg Baten and Richard H. Steckel; 11. The developmental origins of health and disease: early life experiences and adult age at death in Europe: evidence from skeletal remains Charlotte A. Roberts and Richard H. Steckel; 12. Climate and health: Europe from the pre-Middle Ages to the nineteenth century Richard H. Steckel and Felix Engel; 13. Multidimensional patterns of European health, work, and violence over the past two millennia Joerg Baten, Richard H. Steckel, Clark Spencer Larsen and Charlotte A. Roberts; 14. Data collection codebook Richard H. Steckel, Clark Spencer Larsen, Paul W. Sciulli and Phillip L. Walker; 15. Database creation, management, and analysis Charlotte A. Roberts, Richard H. Steckel and Clark Spencer Larsen.