’Brothers’ or Others?

Muslim Arab Sudanese in Cairo have played a fundamental role in Egyptian history and society during many centuries of close relations between Egypt and Sudan. Although the government and official press describes them as "brothers" in a united Nile Valley, recent political developments in Egypt have underscored the precarious legal status of Sudanese in Cairo. Neither citizens nor foreigners, they are in an uncertain position, created in part through an unusual ethnic discourse which does not draw principally on obvious characteristics of difference. This rich ethnographic study shows instead that Sudanese ethnic identity is created from deeply held social values, especially those concerning gender and propriety, shared by Sudanese and Egyptian communities. The resulting ethnic identity is ambiguous and flexible, allowing Sudanese to voice their frustrations and make claims for their own uniqueness while acknowledging the identity that they share with the dominant Egyptian community.

Acknowledgements
Note on Transliteration and Transcription
Glossary

PART I: UNITY AND 'BROTHERHOOD'

Chapter 1. Introduction

• Historical Framework
• Muslim Arab Sudanese: Labels and Definitions
• Framing Difference: Ethnicity, Inequality, and Mobility
• Positioning and the Production of Knowledge
• Scope of the Book

Chapter 2. Being Sudanese in Cairo

• Centuries of Migration: Sudanese in Egypt, Egyptians in Sudan
• Contemporary Sudanese Migration and Forced Migration to Egypt
• Sudanese in Cairo: Urban Geography
• Displacement and Resentment

PART II: MODERNITY AND OTHERNESS

Chapter 3. Creating Foreigners, Becoming Exiles

• Competing Nationalisms in a United Nile Valley
• Borders and Citizens
• Gender, Egyptian Statecraft, and Sudanese Transnationalism
• Creating Refugees
• Becoming "Others"

Chapter 4. Presenting Sudanese Differences

• Muslim Arab Sudaneseness

PART III: NEITHER ‘BROTHERS’ NOR ‘OTHERS’

Chapter 5. Muslim Arab Adab and Sudanese Ethnicity

• Adab as a Discursive and Cultural Concept
• Gender and Propriety
• Sudanese Gender Roles and Adab in Cairo: Ideal and Real
• Adab in the Community

Chapter 6. A Sudanese ‘Culture of Exile’ in Cairo

• Community Mobilization: Circumstances and Strategies
• Taking Muslim Arab Sudanese Identity
• Public: Adab and Community Exile and Change: a ‘New Sudan’?
• Imagining Sudan in Exile

Chapter 7. Gender, Diaspora, and Transformation

• Gender and Displacement in Cairo
• Challenging Adab/Transforming Gender
• Sudanese in Cairo, Sudanese in the Diaspora
• The Dialectic of Sudanese Ethnicity
• Conclusion: Ambiguous Ethnicity

Bibliography
Index