Dynamic Light Scattering
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Beschreibung:
Lasers play an increasingly important role in a variety of detection techniques, making inelastic light scattering a tool of growing value in the investigation of dynamic and structural problems in chemistry, biology, and physics. Until the initial publication of this work, however, no monograph treated the principles behind current developments in the field.This volume presents a comprehensive introduction to the principles underlying laser light scattering, focusing on the time dependence of fluctuations in fluid systems; it also serves as an introduction to the theory of time correlation functions, with chapters on projection operator techniques in statistical mechanics.
The first half comprises most of the material necessary for an elementary understanding of the applications to the study of macromolecules, or comparable sized particles in fluids, and to the motility of microorganisms. The study of collective (or many particle) effects constitutes the second half, including more sophisticated treatments of macromolecules in solution and most of the applications of light scattering to the study of fluids containing small molecules.With its wide-ranging discussions of the many applications of light scattering, this text will be of interest to research chemists, physicists, biologists, medical and fluid mechanics researchers, engineers, and graduate students in these areas.
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Sketch
1.2 Synopsis
Chapter 2 Light Scattering and Fluctuations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fluctuations and Time-Correlation Functions
2.3 Ensemble-Averaged Time-Correlation Functions
2.4 The Spectral Density
Chapter 3 Basic Light Scattering Theory
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Results from Electromagnetic Theory
3.3 Molecular Approach to Light Scattering
3.4 Scattering Geometries
Appendix 3.A Derivation of the Scattered Field
Chapter 4 The Light Scattering Experiment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Filter Techniques
4.3 Optical Mixing Techniques
Appendix 4.A Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Appendix 4.B Optical Mixing Experiments
Appendix 4.C The Gaussian Approximation
Chapter 5 Model Systems of Spherical Molecules
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Spherical Molecules
5.3 Dilute Solutions and Particle Independence
5.4 Heterodyne Correlation Function for Particle Diffusion
5.5 Homodyne Spectrum for Very Dilute Solutions
5.6 Dilute Gases
5.7 Motile Microorganisms
5.8 Molecules in Uniform Motion
5.9 Brownian Motion
Appendix 5.A The Calculation of the Mean-Square Displacement
Chapter 6 Fluctuations in Chemically Reacting Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Formulation of Model
6.3 Electrophoresis: The Fast and Slow Exchange Limits
6.4 No External Fields
6.5 Dimerization Kinetics
6.6 Fluorescence Correlations
6.7 Prospects
Appendix 6.A The Derivation of the Equation of FFS
Chapter 7 Model Systems Containing Optically Anisotropic Molecules
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Scattering from Cylindrically Symmetric Molecules
7.3 Rotational Diffusion of Linear Molecules
7.4 Scattering from Anisotropic Molecules
7.5 Rotational Diffusion of Anisotropic Molecules
7.6 Extended Diffusion Models for Molecular Reorientation
7.7 Macromolecules in Solution
7.8 Application to Small Molecules in Liquids
Appendix 7.A The Coupling Between Translational and Rotational Diffusion in Dilute Solutions
Appendix 7.B An Alternative Treatment of Symmetric Top Molecules
Appendix 7.C Irreducible Tensors in Light Scattering
Chapter 8 Scattering from Very Large Molecules
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Angular Distributions of Isotropic Integrated Intensities
8.3 Molecules of Arbitrary Shape
8.4 Molecular Weight Determinations
8.5 Corrections for Finite Concentrations and Polydispersity
8.6 Time-Correlation Functions and Spectral Distributions
8.7 The Correlation Function for Long Rigid Rods
8.8 Gaussian Coils
8.9 Anisotropic Scattering
8.10 Other Models
8.11 Effects of Polydispersity on Time-Correlation Functions and Spectra
8.12 Large Particles
Appendix 8.A The Fokker-Planck Equation
Appendix 8.B Form Factor for the Optically Anisotropic Rigid Rod
Chapter 9 Electrolyte Solutions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Diffusion Equation of a Strong Electrolyte
9.3 External Fields-Electrophoresis
9.4 Macroions
9.5 The Equilibrium Structure Factors
Chapter 10 Light Scattering from Hydrodynamic Modes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Relaxation Equations and the Regression of Fluctuations
10.3 Conservation Equations and Hydrodynamic Modes
10.4 The Rayleigh-Brillouin Spectrum of a Pure Monatomic Fluid
10.5 The Rayleigh-Brillouin Spectrum and Intramolecular Relaxation
10.6 Binary Mixtures
10.7 Critical Opalescence
Appendix 10.A Ensemble Theory of Fluctuations
Appendix 10.B Thermodynamic Identities
Appendix 10.C Thermodynamic Fluctuation Theory
Chapter 11 Methods for Deriving Relaxation Equations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Liouville Space
11.3 Projection Operators and Relaxation Equations
11.4 Slow and Fast Variables
11.5 Symmetry Properties of the Relaxation Equations
11.6 Relaxation of a Single Conserved Variable
Appendix 11.A Projection Operators in Quantum Statistical Mechanics
Appendix 11.B An Expression for the Relaxation Rate in Terms of Ordinary Time-Correlation Functions
Appendix 11.C Additional Theorems Concerning Time-Correlation Functions and Memory Functions
Chapter 12 Cooperative Effects in Depolarized Light Scattering
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Kinetic Equations for Orientational Relaxation in Depolarized Scattering
12.3 Comparison Between Single Particle and Collective Reorientation Times
Chapter 13 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics-Diffusion and Electrophoresis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Equation of Entropy Balance
13.3 Calculation of the Entropy Production
13.4 The Phenomenological Equations
13.5 Isothermal Diffusion of Uncharged Molecules in a Two-Component System
13.6 Isothermal Diffusion in an Uncharged Multicomponent System
13.7 Electrolyte Solutions
13.8 Electrophoretic Fluctuation Theory
Chapter 14 Collision-Induced Light Scattering and Light Scattering by Gases
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A Simple Collisional Model
14.3 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Chapter 15 Other Probes of Molecular Dynamics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Neutron Scattering
15.3 Raman and Infrared Band Shapes
15.4 Dielectric Relaxation
15.5 Other Methods