The Specificity of Serological Reactions
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Beschreibung:
Since the discovery that each particular antibody in the blood tends to react primarily with one specific antigen among the hundreds that can be introduced into the system, great strides have been made toward the elimination of disease through immunization. The late Dr. Karl Landsteiner, winner of the Nobel Price in 1930 for the discovery of human blood groups, devoted his life to fundamental research and played a guiding role in the development of several important branches of immunology. This authoritative study is an account of the experiments he and his colleagues carried out on antigens and serological reactions with simple compounds.
Beginning with a general discussion of the phenomena of serological specificity, with the emphasis chiefly on the chemical aspects of those reactions that involve immunization, Dr. Landsteiner goes on to cover the topics of natural antigens and antibodies, artificial conjugated antigens, and the reactivity of simple chemical compounds, the chemistry of specific non-protein cell substances, and the developments in our knowledge of serological reactions from a physico-chemical approach. Included in the discussion are his original and fundamental studies in hypersensitivity to chemical allergens and his work with "haptens," on which modern immunochemistry has leaned very heavily. The final chapter, written by Dr. Linus Pauling, carefully presents the principles of molecular structure and intermolecular forces.
An extremely valuable feature of this book is the massive bibliography compiled by the author — over 2,100 items are listed at the chapter ends. A further aid to study and research is the definitive bibliography of Dr. Landsteiner's own writings, new to this edition, and reprinted through the courtesy of the Journal of Immunology.
The beginner and advanced student alike will find nowhere else the breadth of coverage given here to basic concepts of immunology. Comprehensive enough for the use of the worker in the field, the book also provides, primarily in an introductory section, explanations and definitions of elementary terminology, concepts, and phenomena of serology for those unacquainted with the subject.
I. INTRODUCTION
Principal Immunological Phenomena and Nomenclature
"Complement, Complement Fixation"
Immunization
II. THE SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF PROTEINS
Species Specificity
Proteins within a Species
Plant Proteins
Glycoproteins
Toxins
Bacterial Proteins
Hormones
Enzymes
Viruses
Chemically Modified Proteins
Denaturation
Hydrolytic Agents
Proteoses
Plastein
"Treatment with Formaldehyde, Benzaldeyde, Ninhydrin"
Oxidation
Reduction
"Nitration, Iodination"
"Methylation, Acylation"
"Treatment with Diazobenzene, Isocyanates, Mustard Gas"
Conjugation with Serologically Reactive Organic Compounds
Cross Reactions
Protein Specificity and Chemical Constitution
Antigenicity of Proteins
Demonstration of Species Differences by Chemical Methods
Applications of Serological Protein Reactions
III. CELL ANTIGENS
Red Cells and Tissues; Species Differentiation
Differences in the Cells of Individuals of the Same Species
Racial Differences
Bacterial Antigens and Types
Heterogenetic Reactions
Antigenic Activity of Non-Protein Cell Constituents
"Antigenicity of Phosphatides, Sterols, Starch et cetera"
The Mosaic Structure of Cell Antigens
Individual Variations and Species Differences
IV. THE NATURE AND SPECIFICITY OF ANTIBODIES
Natural Antibodies
Immune Antibodies
Physico-Chemical Properties
Purification Methods
Antibodies and Normal Globulins
Binding Sites of Antibodies
Alterations of Antibodies
Plurality of Antibodies in Sera
The Formation of Antibodies
Theories of Antibody Formation
V. ARTIFICIAL CONJUGATED ANTIGENS. SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Serological Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Conjugated Antigens with Aliphatic Side Chains
Specificity of Stereoisomeric Compounds
Carbohydrate-Azoproteins
Peptide-Azoproteins
"Pharmacologically Active Substances, Hormones"
Serum Reactions with Simple Substances of Known Constitution
Hypersensitivity to Substances of Simple Composition
VI. CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON SPECIFIC NON-PROTEIN CELL SUBSTANCES
Polysaccharides
Immunological Specificity of Polysaccharides
Complex Bacterial Antigens
A Polypeptide-Like Hapten
Preparation of Artificial Antigens Using Bacterial Proteins
Specific Substances of Animal Origin
Blood Group Substances
Enzymes for Bacterial Polysaccharides
Transformation of Bacterial Types
VII. ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS
Toxin Neutralization
Quantitative Studies on Precipitin Reactions
Agglutination
Rate of Reaction
Firmness of Combination
Stages of Antibody Reaction
Quantitative Theories
The Mode of Combination of Antigens with Antibodies
Remarks on Serological Specificity
VIII. "MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, by Dr. Linus Pauling"
The Structure of Molecules
Intermolecular Interactions
"LIST OF TEXTBOOKS, REVIEWS, MONOGRAPHS, AND SURVEYS"
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DR. KARL LANDSTEINER
INDEX