Computer Relaying for Power Systems

Since publication of the first edition of Computer Relaying for Power Systems in 1988, computer relays have been widely accepted by power engineers throughout the world and in many countries they are now the protective devices of choice. The authors have updated this new edition with the latest developments in technology and applications such as adaptive relaying, wide area measurements, signal processing, new GPS-based measurement techniques and the application of artificial intelligence to digital relays. New material also includes sigma-delta and oversampling A/D converters, self-polarizing and cross-polarizing in transmission lines protection and optical current and voltage transformers. Phadke and Thorp have been working together in power systems engineering for more than 30 years. Their impressive work in the field has been recognized by numerous awards, including the prestigious 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering for their pioneering contributions to the development and application of microprocessor controllers in electric power systems. Provides the student with an understanding of computer relaying Authored by international authorities in computer relaying Contents include relaying practices, mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms, transmission line relaying, protection of transformers, machines and buses, hardware organization in integrated systems, system relaying and control, and developments in new relaying principles Features numerous solved examples to explain several of the more complex topics, as well as a problem at the end of each chapter Includes an updated list of references and a greatly expanded subject index.

Since publication of the first edition of Computer Relaying forPower Systems in 1988, computer relays have been widelyaccepted by power engineers throughout the world and in manycountries they are now the protective devices of choice.The authors have updated this new edition with the latestdevelopments in technology and applications such as adaptiverelaying, wide area measurements, signal processing, new GPS-basedmeasurement techniques and the application of artificialintelligence to digital relays. New material also includessigma-delta and oversampling A/D converters, self-polarizing andcross-polarizing in transmission lines protection and opticalcurrent and voltage transformers.Phadke and Thorp have been working together in power systemsengineering for more than 30 years. Their impressive work in thefield has been recognized by numerous awards, including theprestigious 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in ElectricalEngineering for their pioneering contributions to thedevelopment and application of microprocessor controllers inelectric power systems.* Provides the student with an understanding of computerrelaying* Authored by international authorities in computer relaying* Contents include relaying practices, mathematical basis forprotective relaying algorithms, transmission line relayingprotection of transformers, machines and buses, hardwareorganization in integrated systems, system relaying and controland developments in new relaying principles* Features numerous solved examples to explain several of themore complex topics, as well as a problem at the end of eachchapter* Includes an updated list of references and a greatly expandedsubject index.

About the Authors.Preface to the First Edition.Preface to the Second Edition.Glossary of Acronyms.1 Introduction to computer relaying.1.1 Development of computer relaying.1.2 Historical background.1.3 Expected benefits of computer relaying.1.4 Computer relay architecture.1.5 Analog to digital converters.1.6 Anti-aliasing filters.1.7 Substation computer hierarchy.1.8 Summary.Problems.References.2 Relaying practices.2.1 Introduction to protection systems.2.2 Functions of a protection system.2.3 Protection of transmission lines.2.4 Transformer, reactor and generator protection.2.5 Bus protection.2.6 Performance of current and voltage transformers.2.7 Summary.Problems.References.3 Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms.3.1 Introduction.3.2 Fourier series.3.3 Other orthogonal expansions.3.4 Fourier transforms.3.5 Use of fourier transforms.3.6 Discrete fourier transform.3.7 Introduction to probability and random process.3.8 Random processes.3.9 Kalman filtering.3.10 Summary.Problems.References.4 Digital filters.4.1 Introduction.4.2 Discrete time systems.4.3 Discrete time systems.4.4 Z Transforms.4.5 Digital filters.4.6 Windows and windowing.4.7 Linear phase.4.8 Approximation - filter synthesis.4.9 Wavelets.4.10 Elements of artificial intelligence.4.11 Conclusion.Problems.References.5 Transmission line relaying.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Sources of error.5.3 Relaying as parameter estimation.5.4 Beyond parameter estimation.5.5 Symmetrical component distance relay.5.6 Newer analytic techniques.5.7 Protection of series compensated lines.5.8 Summary.Problems.References.6 Protection of transformers, machines and buses.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Power transformer algorithms.6.3 Generator protection.6.4 Motor protection.6.5 Digital bus protection.6.6 Summary.Problems.References.7 Hardware organization in integrated systems.7.1 The nature of hardware issues.7.2 Computers for relaying.7.3 The substation environment.7.4 Industry environmental standards.7.5 Countermeasures against EMI.7.6 Supplementary equipment.7.7 Redundancy and backup.7.8 Servicing, training and maintenance.7.9 Summary.References.8 System relaying and control.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Measurement of frequency and phase.8.3 Sampling clock synchronization.8.4 Application of phasor measurements to state estimation.8.5 Phasor measurements in dynamic state estimation.8.6 Monitoring.8.7 Control applications.8.8 Summary.Problems.References.9 Relaying applications of traveling waves.9.1 Introduction.9.2 Traveling waves on single-phase lines.9.3 Traveling waves on three-phase lines.9.4 Directional wave relay.9.5 Traveling wave distance relay.9.6 Differential relaying with phasors.9.7 Traveling wave differential relays.9.8 Fault location.9.9 Other recent developments.9.10 Summary.Problems.References.10 Wide area measurement applications.10.1 Introduction.10.2 Adaptive relaying.10.3 Examples of adaptive relaying.10.4 Wide area measurement systems (WAMS).10.5 WAMS architecture.10.6 WAMS based protection concepts.10.7 Summary.Problems.References.Appendix A.Representative system data.Transmission lines.Transformers.Generators.Power system.References.Appendix B.Standard sampling rates.References.Appendix C.Conversion between different sampling rates.References.Appendix D.Standard for transient data exchange.References.Index.