Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images

Paul M. Mather is the author of Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images: An Introduction, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

This fourth and full colour edition updates and expands a widely-used textbook aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students taking courses in remote sensing and GIS in Geography, Geology and Earth/Environmental Science departments. Existing material has been brought up to date and new material has been added. In particular, a new chapter, exploring the two-way links between remote sensing and environmental GIS, has been added.
 
New and updated material includes:
* A website at wiley.com/go/mather4 that provides access to an updated and expanded version of the MIPS image processing software for Microsoft Windows, PowerPoint slideshows of the figures from each chapter, and case studies, including full data sets,
* Includes new chapter on Remote Sensing and Environmental GIS that provides insights into the ways in which remotely-sensed data can be used synergistically with other spatial data sets, including hydrogeological and archaeological applications,
* New section on image processing from a computer science perspective presented in a non-technical way, including some remarks on statistics,
* New material on image transforms, including the analysis of temporal change and data fusion techniques,
* New material on image classification including decision trees, support vector machines and independent components analysis, and
* Now in full colour throughout.
 
This book provides the material required for a single semester course in Environmental Remote Sensing plus additional, more advanced, reading for students specialising in some aspect of the subject. It is written largely in non-technical language yet it provides insights into more advanced topics that some may consider too difficult for a non-mathematician to understand. The case studies available from the website are fully-documented research projects complete with original data sets. For readers who do not have access to commercial image processing software, MIPS provides a licence-free, intuitive and comprehensive alternative.

Preface to the First Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xvii

Preface to the Fourth Edition xix

List of Examples xxi

1 Remote Sensing: Basic Principles 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Properties 4

1.2.1 Terminology 4

1.2.2 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 6

1.2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 6

1.2.4 Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation 13

1.2.5 Interactions with the Earth s Atmosphere 15

1.3 Interaction with Earth-Surface Materials 17

1.3.1 Introduction 17

1.3.2 Spectral Reflectance of Earth Surface Materials 19

1.4 Summary 26

2 Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Characteristics of Imaging Remote Sensing Instruments 31

2.2.1 Spatial Resolution 32

2.2.2 Spectral Resolution 35

2.2.3 Radiometric Resolution 37

2.3 Optical, Near-infrared and Thermal Imaging Sensors 39

2.3.1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) 40

2.3.2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and NPOESS VIIRS 41

2.3.3 MODIS 42

2.3.4 Ocean Observing Instruments 42

2.3.5 IRS LISS 45

2.3.6 Landsat Instruments 46

2.3.7 SPOT Sensors 48

2.3.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 53

2.3.9 High-Resolution Commercial and Small Satellite Systems 53

2.4 Microwave Imaging Sensors 58

2.4.1 European Space Agency Synthetic Aperture Spaceborne Radars 62

2.4.2 Radarsat 63

2.4.3 TerraSAR-X and COSMO/Skymed 64

2.4.4 ALOS PALSAR 65

2.5 Summary 66

3 Hardware and Software Aspects of Digital Image Processing 67

3.1 Introduction 67

3.2 Properties of Digital Remote Sensing Data 67

3.2.1 Digital Data 67

3.2.2 Data Formats 74

3.2.3 System Processing 78

3.3 Numerical Analysis and Software Accuracy 80

3.4 Some Remarks on Statistics 83

3.5 Summary 84

4 Preprocessing of Remotely-Sensed Data 87

4.1 Introduction 87

4.2 Cosmetic Operations 89

4.2.1 Missing Scan Lines 89

4.2.2 Destriping Methods 90

4.3 Geometric Correction and Registration 94

4.3.1 Orbital Geometry Model 96

4.3.2 Transformation Based on Ground Control Points 98

4.3.3 Resampling Procedures 108

4.3.4 Image Registration 111

4.3.5 Other Geometric Correction Methods 111

4.4 Atmospheric Correction 112

4.4.1 Background 112

4.4.2 Image-Based Methods 114

4.4.3 Radiative Transfer Models 115

4.4.4 Empirical Line Method 115

4.5 Illumination and View Angle Effects 116

4.6 Sensor Calibration 117

4.7 Terrain Effects 121

4.8 Summary 123

5 Image Enhancement Techniques 125

5.1 Introduction 125

5.2 Human Visual System 126

5.3 Contrast Enhancement 128

5.3.1 Linear Contrast Stretch 128

5.3.2 Histogram Equalization 129

5.3.3 Gaussian Stretch 138

5.4 Pseudocolour Enhancement 140

5.4.1 Density Slicing 140

5.4.2 Pseudocolour Transform 144

5.5 Summary 145

6 Image Transforms 147

6.1 Introduction 147

6.2 Arithmetic Operations 148

6.2.1 Image Addition 148

6.2.2 Image Subtraction 149

6.2.3 Image Multiplication 150

6.2.4 Image Division and Vegetation Indices 152

6.3 Empirically Based Image Transforms 156

6.3.1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index 156

6.3.2 Tasselled Cap (Kauth-Thomas) Transformation 157

6.4 Principal Components Analysis 160

6.4.1 Standard Principal Components Analysis 160

6.4.2 Noise-Adjusted PCA 168

6.4.3 Decorrelation Stretch 169

6.5 Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) Transform 171

6.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform 172

6.6.1 Introduction 172

6.6.2 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 173

6.6.3 Applications of the Fourier Transform 178

6.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform 178

6.7.1 Introduction 178

6.7.2 The One-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 179

6.7.3 The Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 186

6.8 Change Detection 187

6.8.1 Introduction 187

6.8.2 NDVI Difference Image 188

6.8.3 PCA 188

6.8.4 C

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