Computational Modelling and Simulation of Aircraft and the Environment, Volume 2

Dominic J. Diston
 
was a senior lecturer in aerospace engineering at the University of Liverpool and subsequently associate professor at the University of Nottingham. He also spent 25 years in the aerospace industry and has wide experience in dynamics, control and simulation of vehicles and systems. Major areas of work have included integrated flight/propulsion control, computer-aided engineering and fuel/thermal/power system simulation. All work has been closely linked with projects, most significantly Harrier, Typhoon, Nimrod and F-35.

Computational Modelling and Simulation of Aircraft and the Environment
 
An in-depth discussion of aircraft dynamics modelling and simulation
 
This book provides a comprehensive guide to modelling and simulation from basic physical and mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to build computational models of aircraft for the purposes of simulation and evaluation. Highly relevant to practitioners, it takes into account the multi-disciplinary nature of aerospace products and the integrated nature of the models needed in order to represent them. Volume 1- Platform Kinematics and Synthetic Environment focused on the modelling of a synthetic environment in which aircraft operate and its spatial relationship with vehicles that are situated and moving within it. This volume focuses on the modelling of aircraft and the interpretation of their flight dynamics.
 
Key features:
* Includes chapters on equations of motion, fixed-wing aerodynamics, longitudinal flight and gas turbines, as well as an opening chapter that presents an overview of flight modelling and a concluding chapter that presents a number of additional topics such as aircraft structures and embedded systems.
* Serves as both a student text and practitioner reference.
* Follows on from previous Aerospace Series titles, offering a complementary view of vehicles and systems from the perspectives of mathematics, physics and simulation.
 
This book offers a comprehensive guide for senior, graduate and postgraduate students of aerospace engineering as well as professional engineers involved in the modelling and simulation of aircraft.

Preface xi
 
Aerospace Series Preface xiii
 
1 A Simple Flight Model 1
 
1.1 Introduction 1
 
1.1.1 General Introduction to Volume 2 1
 
1.1.2 What Chapter 1 Includes 1
 
1.1.3 What Chapter 1 Excludes 2
 
1.1.4 Overall Aim 2
 
1.2 Flight Path 2
 
1.3 Flight Environment
 
1.4 Simple Propulsion Model 6
 
1.4.1 Reference Parameters 6
 
1.4.2 Simple Jet Engine Performance 7
 
1.4.3 'Better' Jet Engine Performance 8
 
1.4.4 Simple Jet Engine Dynamics 10
 
1.5 Simple Aerodynamic Model 10
 
1.5.1 Idealised Aircraft 10
 
1.5.2 Idealised Wing 11
 
1.5.3 Wing/Tail Combination 13
 
1.5.4 Lift Distribution 15
 
1.5.5 Adding Flight Controls 18
 
1.6 Airspeed Definitions 20
 
1.7 Flight Model Architecture 21
 
2 Equations of Motion 25
 
2.1 Introduction 25
 
2.1.1 The Problem with Equations of Motion 25
 
2.1.2 What Chapter 2 Includes 25
 
2.1.3 What Chapter 2 Excludes 26
 
2.1.4 Overall Aim 26
 
2.2 Spatial Reference Model 26
 
2.2.1 Generic Reference Frames 26
 
2.2.2 Rotating Reference Frames 28
 
2.2.3 Elementary Rotations 29
 
2.2.4 Reference Frames for Position and Orientation 30
 
2.2.5 Reference Frame for Flight Path 32
 
2.2.6 Airspeed and Airstream Direction 33
 
2.3 Aircraft Dynamics 34
 
2.3.1 Mass Properties 34
 
2.3.2 Flight Parameters 35
 
2.3.3 Dynamic Equations of Motion 36
 
2.4 Aircraft Kinematics 39
 
2.4.1 Aircraft Position 39
 
2.4.2 Quaternions 40
 
2.4.3 Kinematic Equations of Motion 41
 
2.5 Initialisation 42
 
2.5.1 Balancing Forces 42
 
2.5.2 Typical Flight Conditions 44
 
2.5.3 Finding Aircraft Flight Parameters for Equilibrium 45
 
2.6 Linearisation 48
 
2.6.1 Linearisation of Dynamic Equations of Motion 48
 
2.6.2 Linearisation of Kinematic Equations of Motion 49
 
2.6.3 Linearisation of Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 50
 
2.6.4 Linearisation of Propulsive Forces and Moments 51
 
2.6.5 Linearisation of Gravitational Forces and Moments 51
 
2.6.6 The Complete Linearised System of Equations 52
 
3 Fixed-Wing Aerodynamics 55
 
3.1 Introduction 55
 
3.1.1 Fixed Wings and Aerodynamics 55
 
3.1.2 What Chapter 3 Includes 55
 
3.1.3 What Chapter 3 Excludes 56
 
3.1.4 Overall Aim 56
 
3.2 Aerodynamic Principles 56
 
3.2.1 Aerofoils 56
 
3.2.2 Dimensional Analysis 58
 
3.2.3 Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment 59
 
3.2.4 Aerodynamic Centre 61
 
3.2.5 Wing Geometry 63
 
3.2.6 NACA Four-Digit Sections 64
 
3.3 Aerodynamic Model of an Isolated Wing 66
 
3.3.1 Aerodynamic Lift 66
 
3.3.2 Pitching Moment 68
 
3.3.3 Drag Force 69
 
3.3.4 Profile Drag 69
 
3.3.5 Induced Drag 70
 
3.3.6 Wave Drag 73
 
3.4 Trailing-Edge Controls 75
 
3.4.1 Incremental Lift 75
 
3.4.2 Incremental Drag 78
 
3.4.3 Incremental Pitching Moment 79
 
3.4.4 Hinge Moments 79
 
3.5 Factors affecting Lift Generation 81
 
3.5.1 Sideslip 81
 
3.5.2 Aircraft Rotation 82
 
3.5.3 Structural Flexibility 83
 
3.5.4 Ground Effect 85
 
3.5.5 Indicial Aerodynamics 85
 
3.6 Lift Distribution 86
 
3.7 Drag Distribution 89
 
4 Longitudinal Flight 91
 
4.1 Introduction 91
 
4.1.1 Flight with Wings Level