Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration

Qing-Chang Zhong received his Diploma in electrical engineering from Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, China, in 1990, his MSc degree in electrical engineering from Hunan University, Changsha, China, in 1997, his PhD degree in control theory and engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 1999, and his PhD degree in control and power engineering (awarded the Best Doctoral Thesis Prize) from Imperial College London, London, UK, in 2004, respectively.
 
He holds the Chair Professor in Control and Systems Engineering at the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK. He has worked at Hunan Institute of Engineering, Xiangtan, China; Technion¨CIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Imperial College London, London, UK; University of Glamorgan, Cardiff, UK; The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. He has been on sabbatical at the Cymer Center for Control Systems and Dynamics (CCSD), University of California, San Diego, USA; and the Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA. He is the author or co-author of Robust Control of Time-Delay Systems (Springer-Verlag, 2006), Control of Integral Processes with Dead Time (Springer-Verlag, 2010) and Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration (Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013). His research focuses on advanced control theory and applications, including power electronics, renewable energy and smart grid integration, electric drives and electric vehicles, robust and H-infinity control, time-delay systems and process control.
 
He is a Specialist recognised by the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), a Senior Member of IEEE, the Vice-Chair of IFAC TC 6.3 (Power and Energy Systems) responsible for the Working Group on Power Electronics and was a Senior Research Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering/Leverhulme Trust, UK (2009¨C2010). He serves as an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and the Conference Editorial Board of the IEEE Control Systems Society.
 
Tomas Hornik received a Diploma in Electrical Engineering in 1991 from the Technical CollegeVUzlabine, Prague, the BEng and PhD degree in electrical engineering and electronics from The University of Liverpool, UK, in 2007 and 2010, respectively. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the same university from 2010 to 2011. He joined Turbo Power Systems as a Control Engineer in 2011. His research interests cover power electronics, advanced control theory and DSP-based control applications. He had more than ten years working experience in industry as a system engineer responsible for commissioning and software design in power generation and distribution, control systems for central heating and building management. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET.

Integrating renewable energy and other distributed energy sources into smart grids, often via power inverters, is arguably the largest "new frontier" for smart grid advancements. Inverters should be controlled properly so that their integration does not jeopardize the stability and performance of power systems and a solid technical backbone is formed to facilitate other functions and services of smart grids.
 
This unique reference offers systematic treatment of important control problems in power inverters, and different general converter theories. Starting at a basic level, it presents conventional power conversion methodologies and then 'non-conventional' methods, with a highly accessible summary of the latest developments in power inverters as well as insight into the grid connection of renewable power.
 
Consisting of four parts - Power Quality Control, Neutral Line Provision, Power Flow Control, and Synchronisation - this book fully demonstrates the integration of control and power electronics.
 
Key features include:
* the fundamentals of power processing and hardware design
* innovative control strategies to systematically treat the control of power inverters
* extensive experimental results for most of the control strategies presented
* the pioneering work on "synchronverters" which has gained IET Highly Commended Innovation Award
 
Engineers working on inverter design and those at power system utilities can learn how advanced control strategies could improve system performance and work in practice. The book is a useful reference for researchers who are interested in the area of control engineering, power electronics, renewable energy and distributed generation, smart grids, flexible AC transmission systems, and power systems for more-electric aircraft and all-electric ships. This is also a handy text for graduate students and university professors in the areas of electrical power engineering, advanced control engineering, power electronics, renewable energy and smart grid integration.

Preface xvii
 
Acknowledgments xix
 
About the Authors xxi
 
List of Abbreviations xxiii
 
1 Introduction 1
 
1.1 Outline of the Book 1
 
1.2 Basics of Power Processing 4
 
1.3 Hardware Issues 24
 
1.4 Wind Power Systems 44
 
1.5 Solar Power Systems 53
 
1.6 Smart Grid Integration 55
 
2 Preliminaries 63
 
2.1 Power Quality Issues 63
 
2.2 Repetitive Control 67
 
2.3 Reference Frames 71
 
PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL
 
3 Current H infinity Repetitive Control 81
 
3.1 System Description 81
 
3.2 Controller Design 82
 
3.3 Design Example 87
 
3.4 Experimental Results 88
 
3.5 Summary 91
 
4 Voltage and Current H infinity Repetitive Control 93
 
4.1 System Description 93
 
4.2 Modelling of an Inverter 94
 
4.3 Controller Design 96
 
4.4 Design Example 100
 
4.5 Simulation Results 102
 
4.6 Summary 107
 
5 Voltage H infinity Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 109
 

5.1 System Description 109
 
5.2 Controller Design 110
 
5.3 Design Example 116
 
5.4 Experimental Results 117
 
5.5 Summary 126
 
6 Cascaded Current-Voltage H infinity Repetitive Control 127
 
6.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 127
 
6.2 Control Scheme 129
 
6.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 131
 
6.4 Design of the Current Controller 133
 
6.5 Design Example 134
 
6.6 Experimental Results 136
 
6.7 Summary 147
 
7 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 149
 
7.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 149
 
7.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 150
 
7.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 152
 
7.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 153
 
7.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 157
 
7.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 159
 
7.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 162
 
7.8 Summary 163
 
8 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 165
 
8.1 Controller Design 165
 
8.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 167
 
8.3 Stability Analysis 169
 
8.4 Experimental Results 171
 
8.5 Summary 172
 
9 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 173
 
9.1 Introduction 173
 
9.2 Description of the Topology 175
 
9.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 175
 
9.4 Special Case: cos theta = 1 180
 
9.5 Simulation Results 181
 
9.6 Summary 184
 
PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION
 
10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 187
 
10.1 Introduction 187
 
10.2 Split DC Link 188
 
10.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 189
 
10.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 190
 
10.5 Summary 191
 
11 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 193
 
11.1 Mathematical Modelling 193
 
11.2 Controller Design 195
 
11.3 Performance Evaluation 199
 
11.4 Selection of the Components 201
 
11.5 Simulation Results 202
 
11.6 Summary 205
 
12 H infinity Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 207
 
12.1 Mathematical Modelling 207
 
12.2 Controller Design 210
 
12.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 214
 
12.4 Design Example 215
 
12.5 Simulation Results 216
 
12.6 Summary 217
 
13 Parallel PI Voltage-H infinity Current Control of a Neutral Leg 219

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