Biomedical Imaging

Reiner Salzer, PhD, is a professor at the Institute for Analytical Chemistry at Technische Universität in Dresden, Germany.

This book presents and describes imaging technologies that can be used to study chemical processes and structural interactions in dynamic systems, principally in biomedical systems. The imaging technologies, largely biomedical imaging technologies such as MRT, Fluorescence mapping, raman mapping, nanoESCA, and CARS microscopy, have been selected according to their application range and to the chemical information content of their data. These technologies allow for the analysis and evaluation of delicate biological samples, which must not be disturbed during the profess. Ultimately, this may mean fewer animal lab tests and clinical trials.

Preface xv
 
Contributors xvii
 
1 Evaluation of Spectroscopic Images 1
Patrick W.T. Krooshof, Geert J. Postma, Willem J. Melssen, and Lutgarde M.C. Buydens
 
1.1 Introduction, 1
 
1.2 Data Analysis, 2
 
1.2.1 Similarity Measures, 3
 
1.2.2 Unsupervised Pattern Recognition, 4
 
1.2.3 Supervised Pattern Recognition, 9
 
1.3 Applications, 11
 
1.3.1 Brain Tumor Diagnosis, 11
 
1.3.2 MRS Data Processing, 12
 
1.3.3 MRI Data Processing, 14
 
1.3.4 Combining MRI and MRS Data, 16
 
1.3.5 Probability of Class Memberships, 17
 
1.3.6 Class Membership of Individual Voxels, 18
 
1.3.7 Classification of Individual Voxels, 20
 
1.3.8 Clustering into Segments, 22
 
1.3.9 Classification of Segments, 23
 
1.3.10 Future Directions, 24
 
References, 25
 
2 Evaluation of Tomographic Data 30
Jörg van den Hoff
 
2.1 Introduction, 30
 
2.2 Image Reconstruction, 33
 
2.3 Image Data Representation: Pixel Size and Image Resolution, 34
 
2.4 Consequences of Limited Spatial Resolution, 39
 
2.5 Tomographic Data Evaluation: Tasks, 46
 
2.5.1 Software Tools, 46
 
2.5.2 Data Access, 47
 
2.5.3 Image Processing, 47
 
2.5.4 Visualization, 52
 
2.5.5 Dynamic Tomographic Data, 56
 
2.6 Summary, 61
 
References, 61
 

3 X-Ray Imaging 63
Volker Hietschold
 
3.1 Basics, 63
 
3.1.1 History, 63
 
3.1.2 Basic Physics, 64
 
3.2 Instrumentation, 66
 
3.2.1 Components, 66
 
3.3 Clinical Applications, 76
 
3.3.1 Diagnostic Devices, 76
 
3.3.2 High Voltage and Image Quality, 85
 
3.3.3 Tomography/Tomosynthesis, 87
 
3.3.4 Dual Energy Imaging, 87
 
3.3.5 Computer Applications, 88
 
3.3.6 Interventional Radiology, 92
 
3.4 Radiation Exposure to Patients and Employees, 92
 
References, 95
 
4 Computed Tomography 97
Stefan Ulzheimer and Thomas Flohr
 
4.1 Basics, 97
 
4.1.1 History, 97
 
4.1.2 Basic Physics and Image Reconstruction, 100
 
4.2 Instrumentation, 102
 
4.2.1 Gantry, 102
 
4.2.2 X-ray Tube and Generator, 103
 
4.2.3 MDCT Detector Design and Slice Collimation, 103
 
4.2.4 Data Rates and Data Transmission, 107
 
4.2.5 Dual Source CT, 107
 
4.3 Measurement Techniques, 109
 
4.3.1 MDCT Sequential (Axial) Scanning, 109
 
4.3.2 MDCT Spiral (Helical) Scanning, 109
 
4.3.3 ECG-Triggered and ECG-Gated Cardiovascular CT, 115
 
4.4 Applications, 119
 
4.4.1 Clinical Applications of Computed Tomography, 119
 
4.4.2 Radiation Dose in Typical Clinical Applications and Methods for Dose Reduction, 122
 
4.5 Outlook, 125
 
References, 127
 
5 Magnetic Resonance Technology 131
Boguslaw Tomanek and Jonathan C. Sharp
 
5.1 Introduction, 131
 
5.2 Magnetic Nuclei Spin in a Magnetic Field, 133
 
5.2.1 A Pulsed rf Field Resonates with Magnetized Nuclei, 135
 
5.2.2 The MR Signal, 137
 
5.2.3 Spin Interactions Have Characteristic Relaxation Times, 138
 
5.3 Image Creation, 139
 
5.3.1 Slice Selection, 139
 
5.3.2 The Signal Comes Back--The Spin Echo, 142
 
5.3.3 Gradient Echo, 143
 
5.4 Image Reconstruction, 145
 
5.4.1 Sequence Parameters, 146
 
5.5 Image Resolution, 148
 
5.6 Noise in the Image--SNR, 149
 
5.7 Image Weighting and Pulse Sequence Parameters TE and TR, 150
 
5.7.1 T2-

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