Antibiotic Policies: Fighting Resistance

In 1971, I started a fellowship in infectious diseases and medical microbiology at the Channing Laboratory of the Harvard Medical Service at Boston City Hospital. My mentor, Dr. Maxwell Finland, had encouraged me to return there from the Center for Disease Control (as CDC was known then), where I had studied inf- tious diseases epidemiology and hospital-associated infection epidemiology, with the idea that we would review the demographic patterns of bacteremia and several other infections during Dr. Finland’s long tenure at the hospital. We did so, but I was surprised to find that he also invited me to help with the assessment of the success or failure of the programs to control antimicrobial use that he and c- leagues had put into place at the hospital over several years. The paper describing that review finally was published in 1974, after a long and tortuous process of review at several journals. Several reviewers felt that such attempts to improve use amounted to interference with the patient’s physician to do what was best. Others felt that such programs focused incorrectly on a subject other than treating the current patient. Fortunately, today, it is clear that antimicrobial resistance results in major part, but not entirely, from the ways that we use antimicrobial agents, and that the ov- all interests of patients in general, as well as those of society, are well served by efforts to use these drugs as well as possible.

In 1971, I started a fellowship in infectious diseases and medical microbiology at the Channing Laboratory of the Harvard Medical Service at Boston City Hospital. My mentor, Dr. Maxwell Finland, had encouraged me to return there from the Center for Disease Control (as CDC was known then), where I had studied inf- tious diseases epidemiology and hospital-associated infection epidemiology, with the idea that we would review the demographic patterns of bacteremia and several other infections during Dr. Finland's long tenure at the hospital. We did so, but I was surprised to find that he also invited me to help with the assessment of the success or failure of the programs to control antimicrobial use that he and c- leagues had put into place at the hospital over several years. The paper describing that review finally was published in 1974, after a long and tortuous process of review at several journals. Several reviewers felt that such attempts to improve use amounted to interference with the patient's physician to do what was best. Others felt that such programs focused incorrectly on a subject other than treating the current patient. Fortunately, today, it is clear that antimicrobial resistance results in major part, but not entirely, from the ways that we use antimicrobial agents, and that the ov- all interests of patients in general, as well as those of society, are well served by efforts to use these drugs as well as possible.

Consequences of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Overgrowth, Resistance, and Virulence.- The Process of Antibiotic Prescribing: Can It Be Changed?.- Cultural and Socioeconomic Determinants of Antibiotic Use.- Electronic Prescribing.- Prevalence Surveys of Antimicrobial Use in Hospitals: Purpose, Practicalities, and Pitfalls.- Antibiotic Use in Hospitals in the United States SCOPE-MMIT Antimicrobial Surveillance Network.- New Hospital Initiatives in Fighting Resistance.- Antimicrobial Resistance: Preventable or Inevitable?.- Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance in the Mediterranean Region.- Cystic Fibrosis—Coping with Resistance.- Community-Acquired Pneumonia—Back to Basics.- Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia: Diagnostic and Treatment Options.- Optimizing Antimicrobial Chemotherapy in the ICU—A Review.- Risk Assessment for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.- What Do We Do with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Surgery?.- Control of Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus.