The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union

Benjamin Leruth is an Assistant Professor in European Politics and Society at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Stefan Gänzle is Professor of Political Science and Head of the Department of Political Science and Management and a member of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, University of Agder (UiA), Norway.

Jarle Trondal is a Professor at University of Agder, Department of Political Science and Management, and a Professor at University of Oslo, ARENA Centre for European Studies, Norway.

The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union offers an essential collection of groundbreaking chapters reflecting on the causes and consequences of this complex phenomenon.

With contributions from key experts in this subfield of European Studies, it will become a key volume used for those interested in learning the nuts and bolts of differentiation as a mechanism of (dis)integration in the European Union, especially in the light of Brexit. Organised around five key themes, it offers an authoritative "encyclopaedia" of differentiation and addresses questions such as:

• How can one define differentiation in the European Union in the light of the most recent events?
• Does differentiation create more challenges or opportunities for the European Union?
• Is Europe moving away from an "ever closer Union" and heading towards an "ever more differentiated Union", especially as leading political figures across Europe favour the use of differentiation to reconcile divergences between member states?

This handbook is essential reading and an authoritative reference for scholars, students, researchers and practitioners involved in, and actively concerned about, research in the study of European integration. As European differentiation is multifaceted and involves a wide range of actors and policies, it will be of further interest to those working on countries and/or in policy areas where differentiation is an increasingly relevant feature.

The Introduction and chapters 13, 21, 30, and 35 of this book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at routledge.com. It has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

The Routledge Handbook of Differentiation in the European Union offers an essential collection of ground-breaking chapters reflecting on the causes and consequences of this complex phenomenon.

1. Introduction  Part 1: Conceptualising differentiation  Introduction  2. Studying differentiated integration: Methods and Data  3. On the legitimacy of differentiated integration  4. Differentiated (dis)integration beyond Europe: A Comparative Regionalism Approach  5. De facto Differentiation in the European Union: Circumventing Rules, Law, and Rule of Law  6. Constitutive differentiation  7. EU External Differentiated Integration and Compliance: Theoretical and Legal Aspects  8. From Integration to Fragmegration: Political symbols and the emergence of differentiated European identities  9. Differentiation and segmentation  Part 2: Institutionally-based differentiation  Introduction  10. An ever more fragmented Union? On the emerging relevance of differentiated integration for governance structures within the EU  11. Promise Unfulfilled? Managing Differentiated Integration in EU Secondary Law Through Enhanced Cooperation  12. Differentiation in the European Parliament: United about diversity?  13. Differentiation and the European Central Bank: A bulwark against (differentiated) disintegration?  14. Differentiation and the European Commission  15. Differentiation and the European Court of Justice  16. Third country participation in EU agencies: Towards "condominio"?  17. The Council of the European Union: Organizational and Social Dynamics of Differentiation  Part 3: Policy-based differentiation  Introduction  18. Differentiated integration in EU energy market policy  19. Brexit and the Common Fisheries Policy: Opportunities for multi-level differentiated (dis)integration?  20. The European Asylum Policy: Core state powers, flexibility and differentiated integration  21. Differentiated integration in EU climate policy  22. Differentiated integration in European External Action  23. PESCO: A formula for positive integration in European defence  24. The Increasingly Differentiated European Single Market?  25. Differentiation and social policy: A sustainable way forward?  26. Differentiation in EU Security and Defense Policy  Part 4: Territorial differentiation  Introduction  27. The Nordic countries as pioneers of differentiation  28. Risky Advantageous Differentiation: Iceland and the EEA  29. The Swiss and Liechtenstein relations with the EU - an ongoing institutional challenge  30. Turkey's external differentiated integration with the EU in the field of migration governance: the case of border management  31. Visegrad Four and EU Differentiated Integration: Activities, Perception and Self-Perception after the Refugee Crisis  32. Poland as the (new) awkward partner: Differentiated integration or differentiated disintegration?  33. Trajectories of Differentiated EU Integration for the Western Balkans  34. European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiated integration beyond the EU's Eastern and Southern Borders  35. Differentiation at the local level: An overview of sub-national authority networks in the EU  Part 5: Brexit  Introduction  36. Brexit as a phenomenon: national solidarity as a tool against the European project?  37. (Post-)Brexit: Negotiating Differentiated Disintegration  38. International perceptions of Brexit  39. Differentiation and Power Asymmetry: How Brexit is Changing UK Relations with Czechia and Slovakia  40. Brexit and Northern Ireland  41. Border Conflicts and Territorial Differentiation after Brexit: The cases of Northern Ireland, Gibraltar and the UK Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus  42. Growing Apart Together? Brexit and the Dynamics of Differentiated Disintegration in Security and Defense  43. Conclusion.  Epilogue: Polycrisis and Resilience in the European Union: Covid-19 and avenues for future studies