Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences

This encyclopedia is purposefully interdisciplinary, the goal being to convey a clear sense of how philosophy looks at the social sciences and thereby delineate a detailed picture of how exactly the two are interrelated.

This encyclopedia, magnificently edited by Byron Kaldis, will become a valuable source both of reference and inspiration for all those who are interested in the interrelation between philosophy and the many facets of the social sciences. A must read for every student of the humanities.--Wulf Gaertner, University of Osnabrueck, Germany

"Byron Kaldis′ Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is a triumph. The entries are consistently good, the coverage is amazing, and he has managed to involve the whole scholarly community in this field. It shows off the field very well, and will be a magnificent resource for students and others." -- Stephen Turner, USF, USA "

Like all good works of referencethis Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is not to be treated passively: it provides clear and sometimes controversial material for constructive confrontation. It is a rich resource for critical engagement. The Encyclopedia conceived and edited by Byron Kaldis is a work of impressive scope and I am delighted to have it on my bookshelf."-- David Bloor, Edinburgh, UK

"This splendid and possibly unique work steers a skilful course between narrower conceptions of philosophy and the social sciences. It will be an invaluable resource for students and researchers in either or both fields, and to anyone working on the interrelations between them." -- William Outhwaite, Newcastle, UK

"A work of vast scope and widely gathered expertise, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is a splendid resource for anyone interested in the interface between philosophy and the social sciences." --Nicholas Rescher, Pittsburgh

This encyclopedia is the first of its kind in bringing together philosophy and the social sciences. It is not only about the philosophy of the social sciences but, going beyond that, it is also about the relationship between philosophy and the social sciences.

The subject of this encyclopedia is purposefully multi- and inter-disciplinary. Knowledge boundaries are both delineated and crossed over. The goal is to convey a clear sense of how philosophy looks at the social sciences and to mark out a detailed picture of how the two are interrelated: interwoven at certain times but also differentiated and contrasted at others. The Entries cover topics of central significance but also those that are both controversial and on the cutting-edge, underlining the unique mark of this Encyclopedia: the interrelationship between philosophy and the social sciences, especially as it is found in fresh ideas and unprecedented hybrid disciplinary areas.

The Encyclopedia serves a further dual purpose: it contributes to the renewal of the philosophy of the social sciences and helps to promote novel modes of thinking about some of its classic problems.

"The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences edited by Byron Kaldis, provides a unique, needed, and invaluable resource for researchers at every level. Unique because nothing else offers the breadth of coverage found in this work; needed because it permits researchers to find longer but also relatively brief, clear, but nonetheless expert articles introducing important topics; and invaluable because of the guidance offered to both related topics and further study. It should be the place that any interested person looks first when seeking to learn about philosophy and the social sciences."   Paul Roth, UC Santa Cruz, USA

"The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences edited by Byron Kaldis covers an enormous range of topics in philosophy and the social sciences and the entries are compact overviews of the essential issues"  Harold Kincaid, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

 

A Priori and A Posteriori - Peter Murphy
Abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation - Igor Douven
Action, Philosophical Theory of - Constantine Sandis
Actor Network Theory - Anders Blok
Affective Intelligence in the Social Sciences - Joseph P. Forgas
Agency - Alfred Mele
Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation in the Social Sciences - Nigel Gilbert, David Anzola
Agnotology, Ignorance, and Uncertainty - Michael Smithson
Alienation - Lauren Langman, Devorah Kalekin-Fishman
Allais Paradox - Lara Buchak
Analytical Marxism - Ian Hunt
Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms - Peter Hedström, Petri Ylikoski
Analytic/Synthetic Distinction - Cory Juhl
Androcentrism and the Philosophy of Science - Lynn Hankinson-Neslon
Annales School - Georg Iggers
Argumentation - Alban Bouvier
Artificial Intelligence - Blay Whitby
Austrian Economics - Peter Boettke
Bargaining Theory - Hartmut Kliemt, Marlies Ahlert
Bayesianism, Recent Uses of - Alan Hájek, John Cusbert
Behavioralism in Political Science - John G. Gunnell
Behaviorism, Philosophical Conception of - Pete Mandik
Behaviorism in Psychological Explanation - Edward A. Wasserman
Being-in-the-World - Taylor Carman
Biology and the Social Sciences - Don Ross
Capabilities - Nuno Martins
Capitalism - Ann E. Cudd
Causal Explanation, in Philosophy of Science - Ned Hall
Causation, Philosophical Views of - Jon Williamson, Phyllis McKay Illari
Causation in the Social Sciences - Daniel Steel
Causes Versus Reasons in Action Explanation - Julia Tanney
Chicago School (Economics) - Ross B. Emmett
Classical Computationalism, Connectionism, and Computational Neuroscience - Gualtiero Piccinini
Coalition Logic - Thomas Ågotnes
Cognitive Anthropology and Mental Architecture - David B. Kronenfeld
Cognitive Archaeology - lambros Malafouris
Cognitive Phenomenology - Shaun Gallagher
Cognitive Sciences - Paul Thagard
Collective Agents - Kirk Ludwig
Collective Emotions - Mikko Salmela
Collective Goals - Sara R. Chant
Collective Identity and Cultural Trauma - Ron Eyerman
Collective Intentionality - Deborah Perron Tollefsen
Collective Memory - Lutz Kaelber
Collective Moral Responsibility - Seumas Miller
Collective Rationality - Paul Weirich
Collective Values - Bryce Huebner, Marcus Hedahl
Commitment - Hans Bernhard Schmid
Common Goods - Seumas Miller
Common Knowledge - Giacomo Sillari
Common Sense (in the Social Sciences) - Alex Law
Communication Studies - Pat Arneson
Communicative Action Theory - William Outhwaite
Complex Networks Theory and Social Phenomena - Sune Lehmann
Complexity - Carlos Gershenson
Complexity and the Social Sciences - David Byrne
Concepts - Daniel A. Weiskopf
Consciousness - David Rosenthal
Contemporary French Philosophy and the Social Sciences - Alban Bouvier
Context of Discovery Versus Context of Justification - Thomas Nickles
Conventions, Logic of - John Latsis
Cooperation, Cultural Evolution of - Peter J. Richerson, Vicken Hillis
Cooperation/Coordination - Peter Boettke
Cost-Benefit Analysis - Matthew D. Adler
Covering-Law Model - Stuart Glennan
Criminology, Epistemological Critique of - Roger Koppl, Evard James Cowan
Critical Rationalism - Darrell P. Rowbottom
Critical Realism in Economics - Paul Lewis
Cultural Evolution - Liane Gabora
Cultural Studies - David Walton
Death and Immortality, Philosophical Perspectives - Steven Luper
Death in the Social Sciences - Dennis L. Peck
Debunking Social Science - Lee McIntyre
Decision Theory - Martin Peterson
Deduction - Marcello D′Agostino
Deontic Logic and Agency - Jan Broersen
Determinism - Lee McIntyre
Developmental Psychology - Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Roberto Filippi
Dialectic, in the History of Philosophy - Dmitri Nikulin
Dialectic, in the Social Sciences - Terrell Carver
Dialogical Logic - Shahid Rahman
Disagreement - David Christensen
Disciplinarity - Charles Turner
Discourse Analysis - Teun A. van Dijk
Distributed Cognition and Extended-Mind Theory - Robert D. Rupert
Duhem-Quine Thesis and the Social Sciences - Thomas A. Boylan, Paschal O′Gorman
Durkheim′s Philosophy of Social Science - Warren Schmaus
Econometrics: Methodological Issues - Marcel Boumans
Economic Anthropology - Keith Hart
Ecocnomic Sociology - Richard Swedberg
Economics of Scientific Knowledge - Jesús P. Zamora-Bonilla
Econophysics - Bikas K. Chakrabarti
Ego - Edward Erwin
Embodied Cognition - Mark Johnson
Emergence - Paul Humphreys
Emergence and Social Collectivism - R. Keith Sawyer
Emotions - Aaron Ben-Ze′ev
Emotions in Economic Behavior - Scott Rick
Empathy - Joel Krueger
Empiricism - Robert G. Meyers
Encyclopedia - Olga Pombo
Enlightenment, Critique of - Graeme Garrard
Epistemic Approaches to Democracy - David Estlund
Epistemology - John Turri
Epistemology of Mass Collaboration - Don Fallis
Equilibrium in Economics and Game Theory - José Luis Ferreira
Essentialism - Matthew J. Barker
Ethical Impact of Genetic Research - Bernard Gert, Arlene Davis
Ethno-Epistemology - James Maffie
Ethnography, Philosophical aspects of - Mark Risjord
Ethnomethodology - Wes Sharrock
Eugenics, Old and Neoliberal Theories of - Nicholas Agar
Events - Byron Kaldis
Evidence-Based Policy - Nancy Cartwright
Evolutionary Ethics - Scott M. James
Evolutionary Game Theory and Sociality - Ken Binmore
Evolutionary Political Science - Rose McDermott
Evolutionary Psychology - H. Clark Barrett
Existential Phenomenology and the Social Sciences - Philip Buckley
Existential Psychology - Bo Jacobsen
Experiment, Philosophy of - Giora Hon
Experimental Philosophy - Justi Sytsma, Edouard Machery
Experimenting Society, The - William N. Dunn
Experiments in Social Science - Francesco Guala
Experimants in the Social Sciences: Ethical Issues - Murray Webster
Explanation, Theories of - Mariam Thalos
Explanation Versus Understanding - Fred Dallmayr
Falsifiability - Darrell P. Rowbottom
Feedback Mechanisms and Self-Regulatory Processes in the Social Sciences - George P. Richardson
Feminism: Schools of Thought - Rosemarie Tong
Feminist Critiques of Social Science Applications - Susan Hekman
Feminist Economics - Diana Strassmann
Feminist Epistemology - Lorraine Code
Feyerabend, Critique of Rationality in Science - George Couvalis
Folk Psychology - Kristin Andrews
Formal Epistemology - Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson
Foucault’s Thought - Clare O′Farrell
Frankfurt School and Critical Social Theory - James Swindal
Free Will, Philosophical Conceptions of - Derk Pereboom
Free Will in the Social Sciences - Lee McIntyre
Game-Theoretic Modeling - Mike Mesterton-Gibbons
Genealogy - Arpad Szakolczai
Genetic Indeterminism of Social Action - Barbara Prainsack, Kate Weiner
Gestalt Psychology - William R. Woodward
Given, Myth of the - Rebecca Kukla, Mark Lance
Goal-Directedness - Cristiano Castelpfanchi
Governmentality and Regime - Mitchell Dean
Grounded Cognition and Social Interaction - Diane Pecher, Piotr Winkielman
Group Beliefs - Kay Mathiesen
Group Identity - Paul Sheehy
Group Mind - Robert A. Wilson, Georg Theiner
Habitus - Omar Lizardo
Hayek and the “Use of Knowledge in Society” - Leslie Marsh
Hegelianism and Contemporary Epistemology - Tom Rockmore
Herder′s Philosophy of History - John H. Zammito
Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Meaning - Dermot Moran
Heterodox Economics - Marc Lavoie
Historicism - David West
Hobbes′s Philsophical Method: Nature-Man-Society - Sharon A. Lloyd
Holism, in the Philosophy of Language - Ernest Lepore
Holism, in the Social Sciences - Julie Zahle
Homo Economicus - Hartmut Kliemt
Human Geography, Social Science of - Stuart C. Aitken, Giorgio Hadi Curti
Human Cultural Niche Construction and the Social Sciences - Kevin N. Laland
Human-Machine Interaction - P. A. Hancock, G. M. Hancock
Hypothetico-Deductivism - Ken Gemes
Idealism - Espen Hammer
Idealization in Social-Scientific Theories - Thomas A. Boylan, Paschal O′Gorman
Identity, Personal (Philosophy of) - Marya Schechtman
Identity, Social - Peter J. Burke
Ideology - David McLellan
Implicit Bias and Social Cognition - Daniel Kelly
Individualism, Methodological - Lars Udehn
Induction and Confirmation - Peter Milne
Inferentialism - Willem A. deVries
Information Ethics - Rafael Capurro
Information Society - John Feather
Institutional Economics - Geoffrey M. Hodgson
Institutionalism and Institutional Theory - B. Guy Peters
Institutions as Moral Persons - Peter A. French
Instrumentalism of Scientific Theories and Constructive Empiricism - Paul Dicken
Intelligence - James R. Flynn
Intention, Social Psychology of - Peter M. Gollwitzer, Ana Gantman, Gabriele Oettingen
Intentionality - Michelle Montague
Interdisciplinarity - Robert Frodeman
International Relations, Philosophical and Methodological Debates - Terry Nardin
Intersubjectivity - Roger Frie
Introspection (Philosophical Psychology) - Declan Smithies
Invisible Hand Explanations - Eugene Heath
Joint Attention and Social Cognition - Axel Seemann
Judgment Aggregation and the Discursive Dilemma - Franz Dietrich
Kinds: Natural Kinds Versus Human Kinds - Muhammad Ali Khalidi
Knowing-How Versus Knowing-That - John Bengson
Knowledge Society - Nico Stehr
Kuhn and Social Science - K. Brad Wray
Kuhn on Scientific Revolutions and Incommensurability - Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Simon Lohse
Lakatos, Methodology of Scientific Research Programs - Robert Nola
Language, the Philosophy of - Adam Sennet
Language and Society - Wolfgang Teubert
Language-Games and Forms of Life - Meredith Williams
Law, Social Phenomenon of - Dan Priel
Laws of Nature - Arnold Koslow
Laws Versus Teleology - Richard F. Hassing
Legal Epistemology - Michael Giudice
Libertarianism, Metaphysical - Randolph Clarke
Libertarianism, Political - Peter Vallentyne
Life-World - Espen Hammer
Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism - Thomas Nickles
Love, in Social Theory - Ulrich Beck, Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim
Love, Philosophy of - Aaron Ben-Ze′ev
Luhmann’s Social Theory - Chris Thornhill
Lying - David Livingstone Smith
Machiavelli′s Art of Politics - Mikael Hörnqvist
Machine Consciousness and Autonomous Agents - Steve Torrance, Robert Clowes
Markets and Economic Theory - Geoffrey Brennan, Jonny Anomaly
Marxism and Social/Historical Explanation - Terrell Carver
Marxist Economics - David F. Ruccio
Marxist Ethics - Bill Martin
Mathematical Models, Use in the Social Sciences - Federica Russo
Mechanism and Mechanical Explanation - Mario Bunge
Mereology: Parts and Wholes - Peter Simons
Metacognition and Agency - Janet Metcalfe
Metaphor - Zoltán Kövecses
Metaphysics and Science - Michael Esfeld
Methodenstreit - Samuel Bostaph
Microfoundationalism - Daniel Little
Mill and the Moral Sciences - Margaret Schabas
Mind-Body Relation - Brian McLaughlin
Mirror Neurons and Motor Cognition in Action Explanation - Marco Iacoboni
Modal Logic and Intentional Agency - Emiliano Lorini
Models in Science - Steven French
Models in Social Science - Federica Russo
Modernity - Peter Wagner
Modularity of the Mind - Philip Robbins
Money - Nigel Dodd
Montesquieu and the Rise of Social Science - David W. Carrithers
Moral Cognitivism - Russ Shafer-Landau
Multi-Agent Modelling - Ron Sun
Multiculturalism - Tariq Modood
Mutual Beliefs - Emiliano Lorini
Narrative in Historical Explanation - Paul A. Roth
Naturalism in Social Science - David K. Henderson
Naturalized Epistemology - Paul A. Roth
Naturwissenschaften Versus Geisteswissenschaften - Rudolf A. Makkreel
Neo-Kantianism - Sebastian Luft
Neo-Marxism - Mark Cowling
Neural Hermeneutics - Chris Frith, Thomas Schwarz Wentzer
Neurath′s Unity of Science and the Encycopedia Project - Thomas Uebel
Neuroeconomics - Kei Yoshida
Neuroethics - Neil Levy
Neuroscience and Politics - Rose McDermott
Neo-Wittgensteinians - Alice Crary
Newtonianism in Adam Smith′s Social Science - Leonidas Montes
Nihilism - Ken Gemes, Chris Sykes
Nonconceptual Content - Walter Hopp
Norbert Elias: Process of Civilization and Theory of Sciences - Florence Delmotte
Normativism Versus Realism - David K. Henderson
Normativity - Judith Jarvis Thomson
Objectivity - Ilkka Niiniluoto
Observation and Theory-Ladenness - Samuel Schindler
Oppression - Ann E. Cudd
Paradigms of Social Sciences - William Sharrock
Pareto Optimality - Steve Ellis
Path Dependence - Mark Peacock
Performative Theory of Institutions - David Bloor
Personal Identity and Trauma - Susan J. Brison
Pessimistic Induction - Sherrilyn Roush
Phenomenological Schools of Psychology - Frederick J. Wertz, Miraj U. Desai
Philosophes, The - Graeme Garrard
Philosophical Psychology, History of - John D. Greenwood
Philosophy of Economics, History of - Julian Reiss
Philosophy of Expertise - Evan Selinger, Kyle Whyte
Philosophy of History - Daniel Little
Philosophy of Politics, History of - Melissa Lane
Philosophy of Sociology, History of - Stephen Turner
Plural Subjects - Alban Bouvier
Policy Applications of the Social Sciences - William N. Dunn
Political Psychology - Kristin Renwick Monroe, Bridgette Portman
Popper′s Philosophy of Science - Ian Jarvie
Positivism, History of - Robert Scharff
Postcolonial Studies - Bill David Ashcroft
Postindustrial Society - Richard Badham
Postmodernism - David R. Dickens
Power - Steven Lukes
Pragmatism - Nicholas Rescher
Pragmatism and the Social Sciences - Patrick Baert
Preference - Till Grüne-Yanoff
Prejudice and Stereotyping - John F. Dovidio
Primatology and Social Science Applications - Charles T. Snowdon
Probability - Ned Hall
Promises and Agreements - Michael Pratt
Prophesy, Self-Fulfilling/Self-Defeating - Michael Biggs
Pseudosciences - Massimo Pigliucci
Psychoanalysis, Philosophical Issues in - Jim Hopkins
Public Goods - Joseph Mazor
Public Reason and Justification - Eric MacGilvray
Race, Theories of - Charles W. Mills
Racial Critiques of Social Science Applications - Michael Root
Rational Choice and Political Science - Keith Dowding
Rational Expectations - Edward McClennen
Rationality and Social Explanation - Steve Ellis
Realism and Anti-Realism in the Social Sciences - Peter T. Manicas
Reduction and the Unity of Science - David Spurrett
Reductionism in the Social Sciences - Harold Kincaid
Reflective Equilibrium - Tom Beauchamp
Reflexivity - Tim May
Reification - Anita Chari
Relativism and the Social Sciences (From the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to Peter Winch) - Phil Hutchinson
Relativism in Scientific Theories - Noretta Koertge
Relativisms and Their Ontologies - Michael Krausz
Reputation, in Social Science - Gloria Origgi
Retrodiction and Epistemology of Future Studies - Paul Dragos Aligica
Risk - Jakob Arnoldi
Rule Following - Martin Kusch
Scheler′s Social Person - Stephen F. Schneck
Schizophrenia: Psychoanalytic, Phenomenological, and Contemporary Philosophical Approaches - Louis Sass
Science and Ideology - Michael E. Lynch
Scientific Method - Robert Nola
Scottish Enlightenment: Influence on the Social Sciences - Eugene Heath
Searle and the Construction of Social Reality - Jennifer Hudin
Self and Essential Indexicality - Maximilian de Gaynesford
Self and the Social Sciences - Stanley B. Klein
Self-Determination and Self-Ownership - Eric Mack
Self-Knowledge - Stephen Hetherington
Semantics and Pragmatics - Yan Huang
Sen’s Paretian Liberal - Hartmut Kliemt
Serendipity - Robert Alan Stebbins
Sexuality - Jeffrey Weeks
Simmel’s Philosophy of Society - Efraim Podoksik
Simulation Theory - Robert M. Gordon
Situated Action - Stephen M. Fiore
Situated Cognition - Philip Robbins
Situational Analysis - Adele E. Clarke, Carrie Friese, Rachel Washburn
Situational Logic - Ian Jarvie
Social Anthropology - Mark Risjord
Social Anti-Individualism and the Mental - Sarah Sawyer
Social Capital - Sokratis Koniordos
Social Choice Theory - Wulf Gaertner
Social Cognition - Stanley B. Klein
Social Construction of Reality - George Psathas
Social Constructivism - Finn Collin
Social Contract Theories - Edward McClennen
Social Conventions - Luca Tummolini
Social Epistemology - Steve Fuller
Social Facts - John D. Greenwood
Social Institutions - Frank Hindriks
Social Interactions: Individual Decision and Group Formation - Yannis M. Ioannides
Social Networks - Sokratis Koniordos
Social Neuroscience - John T. Cacioppo, Aaron B. Ball, Greg J. Norman, Louise C. Hawkley, Gary G. Berntson
Social Norms - Risto Hilpinen
Social Objects Versus Technical Objects - Clive Lawson
Social Ontology, Recent Theories of - Frederick F. Schmitt
Social Perception - Alex Tillas
Social Practices - Theodore R. Schatzki
Social Rules - Margaret Gilbert, Maura Priest
Social Studies of Science and Technology - Steven Yearley
Sociobiology - Michael Ruse
Sociolinguistics - Ronald Macaulay
Sociology of Knowledge and Science - David Bloor
Solidarity - Arto Laitinen
Space, Philosophical Theories of - Robert Rynasiewicz
Space, Social Theories of - Andrzej J. L. Zieleniec
Speech Acts - Mitchell Green
Spontaneous Order - Eugene Heath
Straussian Critique of Social Science - David Lewis Schaefer
Strong Program in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge - David Bloor
Structural Functionalism, in Social Theory - Garry Potter
Structuralism and Poststructuralism - Garry Potter
Supervenience - Oron Shagrir, Vera Hoffmann-Kolss
Symbolic Interactionism - Robert Dingwall
Symbolism - Elzbieta Halas
Systems Theory - Debora Hammond
Tacit Knowledge - Stephen Turner
Team Reasoning - Natalie Gold
Technological Convergence - Armin Grunwald
Technoscience and Society - Rapahel Sassower
Teleosemantics - Ruth G. Millikan
Theory of Teams - Natalie Gold
Theory Theory - Heidi Maibom
Therapy, Psychological and Philosophical Issues - Edward Erwin
Thought Experiments - Sören Häggqvist
Time, Philosophical Theories of - Simon Prosser
Time, Social Theories of - Michael G. Flaherty
Transcendental Arguments - Sami Pihlström
Transcendental Pragmatics - Eduardo Mendieta
Transhumanism and Human Enhancement - James Hughes
Trust, Epistemic - Gloria Origgi
Trust, Social - Maj Tuomela
Truth, Philosophical Theories of - Pascal Engel
Unconscious - David Livingstone Smith
Unconscious Social Behaviour - John F. Kihlstrom
Utopianism - Wayne Hudson
Value Neutrality in Science - Hugh Lacey
Verificationism - Cheryl Misak
Vico′s Scienza Nova - Donald Phillip Verene
Virtual Environments and Social Interaction - Ralph Schroeder
Virtue Epistemology - John Turri, Ernest Sosa
Weber and Social Science: Methodological Precepts - Sven Eliaeson
Weber’s Verstehende Approach - Martin Albrow
Welfare Economics - Laurent Dobuzinskis
We-Mode, Tuomela′s Theory of - Matti Heinonen
World-Systems Analysis - Barry K. Gills, Robert A. Denemark