Space Weather

1 2 J. LILENSTEN , A. GLOVER , A. HILGERS, A. BELEHAKI, Lj. R. CANDER, B. ZOLESI, M. RYCROFT, AND F. LEFEUVRE 1 Chair of ESWW2, editor 2 co-Chair of ESWW2 This book presents Space Weather review papers given as invited presentations at the Second European Space Weather week which was held at the European Space Agency’s ESTEC site in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, from 14th to 19th November, 2005. As the meeting itself, it is divided into 5 chapters, each representing one of the “Science to Applications” sessions on a particular theme. These themes are: • Session 1 : The solar weather/solar activity forecast and predictions (including propagation of transient features in the solar wind) • Session 2 : Atmospheres (weather and climate, also including thermosphere and drag), global change • Session 3 : Ionosphere/positioning and telecommunication • Session 4 : Radiation environment of the Earth/spacecraft and aircraft environment • Session 5 : Magnetic environment/GIC’s and other ground effects Each chapter is divided into an introduction written by the convener of the corresponding session, and the papers written by the invited speakers. Many of the poster contributions, including applications focussed papers, have been published elsewhere and the presentation material can be found via the ESWW2 website: esa-spaceweather. net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/ esww2-proceedings. html. The ESWW2 was the second in a series of annual workshops that are the result of much patient work that started about ten years ago involving many European entities.

1 2 J. LILENSTEN , A. GLOVER , A. HILGERS, A. BELEHAKI, Lj. R. CANDER, B. ZOLESI, M. RYCROFT, AND F. LEFEUVRE 1 Chair of ESWW2, editor 2 co-Chair of ESWW2 This book presents Space Weather review papers given as invited presentations at the Second European Space Weather week which was held at the European Space Agency's ESTEC site in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, from 14th to 19th November, 2005. As the meeting itself, it is divided into 5 chapters, each representing one of the "e;Science to Applications"e; sessions on a particular theme. These themes are: * Session 1 : The solar weather/solar activity forecast and predictions (including propagation of transient features in the solar wind) * Session 2 : Atmospheres (weather and climate, also including thermosphere and drag), global change * Session 3 : Ionosphere/positioning and telecommunication * Session 4 : Radiation environment of the Earth/spacecraft and aircraft environment * Session 5 : Magnetic environment/GIC's and other ground effects Each chapter is divided into an introduction written by the convener of the corresponding session, and the papers written by the invited speakers. Many of the poster contributions, including applications focussed papers, have been published elsewhere and the presentation material can be found via the ESWW2 website: esa-spaceweather. net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/ esww2-proceedings. html. The ESWW2 was the second in a series of annual workshops that are the result of much patient work that started about ten years ago involving many European entities.

1 2 J. LILENSTEN , A. GLOVER , A. HILGERS, A. BELEHAKI, Lj. R. CANDER, B. ZOLESI, M. RYCROFT, AND F. LEFEUVRE 1 Chair of ESWW2, editor 2 co-Chair of ESWW2 This book presents Space Weather review papers given as invited presentations at the Second European Space Weather week which was held at the European Space Agency’s ESTEC site in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, from 14th to 19th November, 2005. As the meeting itself, it is divided into 5 chapters, each representing one of the “Science to Applications” sessions on a particular theme. These themes are: • Session 1 : The solar weather/solar activity forecast and predictions (including propagation of transient features in the solar wind) • Session 2 : Atmospheres (weather and climate, also including thermosphere and drag), global change • Session 3 : Ionosphere/positioning and telecommunication • Session 4 : Radiation environment of the Earth/spacecraft and aircraft environment • Session 5 : Magnetic environment/GIC’s and other ground effects Each chapter is divided into an introduction written by the convener of the corresponding session, and the papers written by the invited speakers. Many of the poster contributions, including applications focussed papers, have been published elsewhere and the presentation material can be found via the ESWW2 website: esa-spaceweather. net/spweather/workshops/eswwII/ esww2-proceedings. html. The ESWW2 was the second in a series of annual workshops that are the result of much patient work that started about ten years ago involving many European entities.

The Solar Weather/Solar Activity Monitoring and Forecast.- Using CME Observations for Geomagnetic Storm Forecasting.- Solar Activity Monitoring.- Modeling of Solar Energetic Particles in Interplanetary Space.- Simulating CME Initiation and Evolution: State-of-the-art.- Signatures of the Ancient Sun Constraining the Early Emergence of Life on Earth.- The Sun’s Interaction with the Earth’s Thermosphere and Climate System.- Solar Variability and Climate.- Influence of Solar Activity Cycles on Earth’s Climate.- Unravelling Signs of Global Change in the Ionosphere.- Thermosphere Density Model Calibration.- Numerical Space Weather Prediction: Can Meteorologists Forecast the Way Ahead?.- Ionosphere/Positioning and Telecommunications.- Space Weather Influence on Satellite-based Navigation and Precise Positioning.- New improvements in HF Ionospheric Communication and Direction Finding Systems.- Short-Term fo F2 Forecast: Present Day State of Art.- Manifestation of Strong Geomagnetic Storms in the Ionosphere above Europe.- Effects of Scintillations in GNSS Operation.- Radiation Environment of the Earth–Spacecraft and Aircraft Environment.- Complementarity of Measurements and Models in Reproducing Earth’s Radiation Belt Dynamics.- Radiation Effects on Spacecraft and Countermeasures, Selected Cases.- Aircraft Crew Radiation Exposure in Aviation Altitudes During Quiet and Solar Storm Periods.- The Magnetic Environment – GIC and other Ground Effects.- Geomagnetic Indices in Solar-Terrestrial Physics and Space Weather.- The Value of Real-time Geomagnetic Reference Data to the Oil and Gas Industry.- Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Ground Electromagnetic Field Fluctuations in the Auroral Region and Implications on the Predictability of Geomagnetically InducedCurrents.- Finnish Experiences with Grid Effects of GIC’s.