Biobased Lubricants and Greases

Due to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout. Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing current explosive growth in the global market. Includes a detailed review of the material benefits of plant-based lubricants that include a better viscosity index and lubricity even at extreme temperatures, lower flammability due to higher flash points and lower pour points. Covers the basic chemistry of vegetable oils as well as their profiles for use in lubricants and greases and environmental benefits. Includes examples and case studies of where vegetable-based lubricants have been successfully employed in industry applications.

Due to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout.* Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing current explosive growth in the global market.* Includes a detailed review of the material benefits of plant-based lubricants that include a better viscosity index and lubricity even at extreme temperatures, lower flammability due to higher flash points and lower pour points.* Covers the basic chemistry of vegetable oils as well as their profiles for use in lubricants and greases and environmental benefits.* Includes examples and case studies of where vegetable-based lubricants have been successfully employed in industry applications.

SummaryForewordSeries PrefacePrefaceAcknowledgementIntroductionCHAPTER 11.1 Historical Development of Vegetable Oil Based Lubricants1.2 Pioneering Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils1.3 PetroleumReferencesCHAPTER 2Chemistry of lubricants2.1 The Nature of the Carbon Atom2.2 Carbon and HydrocarbonReferencesCHAPTER 33.1 Petroleum Based Lubricants3.2 Basic Chemistry of Crude OilReferencesCHAPTER 4Plant Oils4.1 Chemistry of Vegetable Oils Relating to Lubricating Oils4.2 Triglycerides4.3 Properties of Vegetable Oils4.4 Vegetable Oil Processing4.5 Oxidation4.6 Winterization4.7 Chemical Refining4.8 Conventional Crop oilsReferencesCHAPTER 55.1 Esters5.2 Esters for Biofuels5.3 Complex Esters5.4 Estolides5.5 Other Chemical ModificationsReferencesCHAPTER 66.1 Genetic Modification and Industrial Crops6.2 Industrial Crops6.3 Future and Industrial CropsReferencesCHAPTER 7Biobased Lubricants Technology7.1 Determination of Oxidation Stability7.2 Applications7.3 Petroleum While Oils and Food Grade LubricantsReferencesCHAPTER 88.1 Performance Properties of Industrial Lubricants8.2 Common Performance Requirements8.3 Heat transfer Properties8.4 Dielectric Properties8.5 Fluid quality8.6 Fluid Compatibility8.7 Hydrostatic Stability8.8 Demulsibility8.9 Oxidation Stability8.10 Oxidation Stability for Mineral Oils8.11 Elemental Analysis8.12 Cleanliness8.13 Storage and Shipping Temperatures8.14 Tribological Performance of Biobased Lubricants8.15 Metalworking Fluids8.16 Biobased Engine OilsReferencesCHAPTER 9Biobased and Petroleum-Based Greases9.1 How to Make Soap9.2 Basic Process for Manufacturing Grease9.3 Continuous Grease Manufacturing Process9.4 Use of High Pressure-High Shear Reaction Chambers (Contactors)9.5 Vegetable Oil Based Greases9.6 Grease Consistency9.7 Grease Specifications9.8 Friction and Wear Tests9.9 Application Example of Biobased GreasesReferencesCHAPTER 10Biodegradable and BiobasedREACHBiodegradation of OilsToxicity and Testing MethodsChronic ToxicityTerrestrial Plant ToxicityReferencesUSEFUL REFERENCES